Bioreactors for Microbial Biomass and Energy Conversion PDF
Preview Bioreactors for Microbial Biomass and Energy Conversion
Green Energy and Technology Qiang Liao Jo-shu Chang Christiane Herrmann Editors Ao Xia Bioreactors for Microbial Biomass and Energy Conversion Green Energy and Technology Climate change, environmental impact and the limited natural resources urge scientific research and novel technical solutions. The monograph series Green Energy and Technology serves as a publishing platform for scientific and technological approaches to “green”—i.e. environmentally friendly and sustain- able—technologies. While a focus lies on energy and power supply, it also covers “green” solutions in industrial engineering and engineering design. Green Energy and Technology addresses researchers, advanced students, technical consultants as well as decision makers in industries and politics. Hence, the level of presentation spans from instructional to highly technical. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8059 Qiang Liao Jo-shu Chang (cid:129) Christiane Herrmann Ao Xia (cid:129) Editors Bioreactors for Microbial Biomass and Energy Conversion 123 Editors QiangLiao Christiane Herrmann Collegeof Power Engineering LeibnizInstitute for Agricultural ChongqingUniversity EngineeringPotsdam-Bornim e.V. Chongqing Potsdam China Germany Jo-shu Chang AoXia Department ofChemical Engineering Collegeof Power Engineering National Cheng KungUniversity ChongqingUniversity Tainan Chongqing Taiwan China ISSN 1865-3529 ISSN 1865-3537 (electronic) Green Energy andTechnology ISBN978-981-10-7676-3 ISBN978-981-10-7677-0 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7677-0 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2018934449 ©SpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.2018 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission orinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfrom therelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinor for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. Printedonacid-freepaper ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd. partofSpringerNature Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:152BeachRoad,#21-01/04GatewayEast,Singapore189721, Singapore Preface Bioenergy derived from biomass may play a significant role in future energy systemsduetoitsrenewabilityandsustainability.Thewidedistributionofbiomass provides rich sources of raw materials, while the significant development in bioenergy conversion technology has improved its competitiveness. Bioenergy, whichisusedtoproducebiofuel,heat,andelectricity,maybegeneratedviavarious routes such as thermo-chemical, biological, and bio-electrochemical processes. Bioenergy systems should be optimized to ensure their sustainability, maximize their efficiency, and minimize costs. The bioreactor is a critical unit in the microbial conversion process, since it provides a suitable, stable place for microbial growth and metabolism by controlling the operating conditions. The performance of bioreactors is greatly influencedbymanyotherfactors,suchasthebioreactor’sstructureandsize,mixing and transfer characteristics, and means of feed introduction and product removal. There are complex multiphase flow patterns that exist in bioreactors that can vary theheatandmasstransfercharacteristicsinthebioreactorsandaffectthemicrobial conversion processes. This book discusses the fundamentals of biomass energy systems,aswellastherecenttrendsanddevelopmentsinthemicrobialconversion process, with a particular focus on bioreactors. It combines the most current understanding of microbial conversion with the multiphase flow and mass transfer and provides an alternative perspective for the understanding of the microbial biomass and energy production process, as well as enhancement strategies. This book contains 4 parts and 11 chapters, with contributions from leading scientists in the bioenergy field. Part I presents an overview of bioenergy and bioreactors, with a focus on the current state of the art. Chapter 1 provides an introductiontothebasicsanddevelopmentsinbiomassandbioenergytechnologies. A large variety of bioenergy conversion pathways, such as thermo-chemical, biological, and bio-electrochemical, are introduced and compared. Biomass pre-treatment and biofuel upgrading technologies are also outlined. Chapter 2 reviews the function and role of bioreactors in the applications of bioenergy conversion technologies, including microbial biomass production, microbial v vi Preface biofuels conversion, and microbial electrochemical conversion systems. It comprehensively discusses the mass and heat transfer in bioreactors. Part II covers bioreactors for the biomass production of phototrophic and het- erotrophic microalgae. Chapter 3 deals with the phototrophic cultivation of microalgae in open and closed photo-bioreactors. It provides a comprehensive discussion on the photo-bioreactors and their enhancement strategies from the aspectsoflightandmasstransfer.Thischapterincludesthepotentialapproachesfor autotrophic microalgal cell concentrating and conversion to biofuels. Chapter 4 discussestheheterotrophicmetabolismofmicroalgaeindetail,thefactorsaffecting heterotrophic cultivation, and commercial value-added products. It presents some futureperspectivesforheterotrophiccultivationasapotentialsolutionforobtaining large-scale microalgal biomass. Part III deals with bioreactors for gaseous and liquid biofuel conversion pro- cesses. Chapter 5 presents an overview of the fundamentals of biogas production and bioreactor configurations for the production of biogas. It investigates different enhancement strategies related to bioreactor design for the conversion of organic biomass to methane during the anaerobic digestion with various solid contents. Chapter6presentsthebasicconceptsofhydrogenproductionbydarkfermentation. The main operational parameters, such as the inoculum source and pre-treatment, organic substrate used, reactor operation and type, temperature, pH, and hydraulic retention time, are comprehensively reviewed. The integration of the dark fermentation bioprocesses into the concept of an environmental biorefinery is outlined. Chapter 7 provides an overview of photo-fermentative hydrogen production by purple non-sulfur bacteria. It reviews the key enzyme system involved in the fermentation, factors affecting the fermentation, and hydrogen production from industrial wastes, wastewater, and agricultural biomass. Both the suspension and immobilized cultures for various types of photo-bioreactors are discussedindetail.Thefluidflowandmasstransferinbioreactorsusingthelattice Boltzmann simulation are presented. Chapter 8 presents the key principles of bioreactor design for the production of alcohols by the fermentation of sugar and syngas. It analyzes the hydrodynamics inside the units, bubble columns or stirred tank reactors, gas–liquid mass transfer rates, implications in the heat transfer for jacketed reactors, and kinetic mechanisms for microbial reactions. Chapter 9 reviews the sources of microbial lipids, factors that affect microbial lipid produc- tion, and the technologies and bioreactors used for microbial lipid conversion into biofuels. Alternative and innovative techniques for biofuel production and the life cycle impact of biofuel production from microbial lipids are discussed in detail. Part IV defines the role of bioreactors in microbial electrochemical systems. Chapter 10 focuses on microbial fuel cells for electricity production in light of the fundamentalprinciples,electrodematerialsandconstructionmethods,architectures, cell stack, and feasibility in practical power generation. The applications of such a technology are also discussed. Chapter 11 reviews the recent developments in microbial electrolysis cells and microbial electrosynthesis cells for gaseous biofuel production. It includes the recent developments in the electrode materials, Preface vii configurations,electrontransfermanners,microbialecosystems,andapplicationsin bio-electrochemical systems. Wewouldliketothankallthecontributorstothisbook.Wealsowishtoexpress ourappreciationtotheeditorialteamfromSpringerfortheirsupportandassistance. We hope this book will be helpful for students, researchers, engineers, policy makers, and economists in the fields of renewable energy, engineering, and biotechnology. Chongqing, China Qiang Liao Tainan, Taiwan Jo-shu Chang Potsdam, Germany Christiane Herrmann Chongqing, China Ao Xia December 2017 Contents Part I Introduction 1 Biomass and Bioenergy: Current State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Chihe Sun, Ao Xia, Qiang Liao, Gopalakrishnan Kumar and Jerry D. Murphy 2 Role of Bioreactors in Microbial Biomass and Energy Conversion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Liang Zhang, Biao Zhang, Xun Zhu, Haixing Chang, Shiqi Ou and Hong Wang Part II Bioreactors for Microalgal Biomass Production 3 Photoautotrophic Microalgal Cultivation and Conversion. . . . . . . . 81 Yahui Sun, Yun Huang, Gregory J. O. Martin, Rong Chen and Yudong Ding 4 Heterotrophic Microalgal Cultivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Dillirani Nagarajan, Duu-Jong Lee and Jo-shu Chang Part III Bioreactors for Microbial Biofuels Conversion 5 The Relationship Between Bioreactor Design and Feedstock for Optimal Biogas Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 Christiane Herrmann, Patrice Ramm and Jerry D. Murphy 6 Basics of Bio-hydrogen Production by Dark Fermentation. . . . . . . 199 Javiera Toledo-Alarcón, Gabriel Capson-Tojo, Antonella Marone, Florian Paillet, Antônio Djalma Nunes Ferraz Júnior, Lucile Chatellard, Nicolas Bernet and Eric Trably 7 Hydrogen from Photo Fermentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 Alissara Reungsang, Nianbing Zhong, Yanxia Yang, Sureewan Sittijunda, Ao Xia and Qiang Liao ix x Contents 8 Fermentative Alcohol Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 Mariano Martín, Antonio Sánchez and John M. Woodley 9 Biofuels from Microbial Lipids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359 Kit Wayne Chew, Shir ReenChia, PauLokeShow, Tau Chuan Ling and Jo-shu Chang Part IV Bioreactors for Microbial Electrochemical Systems 10 Electricity from Microbial Fuel Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391 Jun Li, Wei Yang, Biao Zhang, Dingding Ye, Xun Zhu and Qiang Liao 11 Biofuel Production from Bioelectrochemical Systems . . . . . . . . . . . 435 Zhuo Li, Qian Fu, Hajime Kobayashi and Shuai Xiao Index .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 463
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