Bioprocess Engineering. Kinetics, Sustainability, and Reactor Design

1157 Pages·2017·40.108 MB·English

by  Shijie Liu

BIOPROCESS ENGINEERING
BIOPROCESS
ENGINEERING
Kinetics, Sustainability, and
Reactor Design
SECOND EDITION
S L
HIJIE IU
SunyEsf
DepartmentofPaperandBioprocessEngineering,
Syracuse,NY,USA
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Preface to the Second Edition
The success of the first edition as an un- Another merge is seen in Chapter 12 on
dergraduateandgraduatetextonbioprocess cell cultivation. This chapter now replaces
engineering has led to the further develop- the chapter on continuous cultivation in the
ment in treaties on reactor analysis and en- first edition and discusses all of the cultiva-
zyme kinetics. tion methods: batch, continuous, and fed
With the goal of making this text as suit- batch.Thisrearrangementleadstotheelim-
ableas the first text on bioprocessengineer- ination of the Chapter on fed-batch cultiva-
ing, there were many aspects of chemical tion from the first edition.
kinetics,microbiologyorbiochemistry,reac- The major changes to this second edition
tion engineering, and bioreaction engineer- include more thorough discussions on the
ing that needed to be integrated. The validation of the Monod equation in Chap-
second edition furthers this goal, and we ters 9 and 11, and enzymes with complex
now have an integrated text on bioprocess structures or with multiple active centers in
engineering. We do not make a particular Chapters 7 and 10. While the Monod equa-
distinction in the treatment of chemical tion is empirical, its theoretical foundations
transformations or bio-transformations. An have now been provided in the text. En-
attempt is made to unify the terminologies zymeswithmultipleactivecenterscanbein-
in the different fields and bring them into teractive, as ligand binding can alter the
bioprocessengineering. enzyme structure, affecting further binding
As with the first edition, the straight-line and/or reactivity, and therefore, producing
plots for reaction rates, or elaborate ways desiredregulations.Becauseofthedevelop-
to render reaction rates to straight lines, are mentsonthetreatiseontheseinteractiveen-
missing from this text. The kinetic paramet- zymes, Chapter 7 (which was Chapter 8 in
ricestimation(formerlyChapter7inthefirst thefirstedition)onenzymeshasbeenrewrit-
edition) is now combined into Chapter 6 on ten; and a new chapter on interactive en-
chemical kinetics. It is my hope that the fu- zymes and regulations (Chapter 10) has
turegenerationsofbioprocessengineerswill also been written. Another addition to the
notrelyonstraight-lineinterpretations.This second edition is Chapter 18: Combustion,
text promotes a mechanistic understanding ReactiveHazard,andBioprocessSafety.Re-
of the bio-transformations and regulations activehazardandprocesssafetyisbecoming
overtheartificial,straight-lineexplanations. arequiredcomponentinourundergraduate
Speakingofstraightlinesandgraphicso- education.Thischapterprovidesameansto
lutions, the “pinch line” method is now in- include the topic in the undergraduate
troduced starting in Chapter 4 on batch curriculum.
reactoranalysis.Itprovidesameansforsolv- Ihopeyouwillenjoythissecondedition.
ingabatchreactor problem whenthekinet-
ics isnot fully understood. Shijie Liu
ix
Preface to the First Edition
All I know is justwhat I read inthe papers. discipline,itevolvedfromaninterdisciplin-
Will Rogers arysubjectareaofBiologyandChemicalEn-
gineering, to a discipline that covers the
Thequoteaboveisquiteintriguingtome, engineering, and engineering science, as-
andisreflectiveofthistext.Everythinginthis pects of biotechnology, green chemistry,
text can be found either directly, or through and biomass or renewable resource engi-
“extrapolation” or “deduction” using the neering. As such, textbooks in this area are
books and papers one can find to date. The needed to cover the educational needs of
most influential books at this time include the new generation of fine bioprocess engi-
“Biochemical Engineering Fundamentals” neers, and not just converting well-versed
by J.E. Bailey and D.F. Ollis; “Elements of chemical engineers and engineering-savvy
Chemical Reaction Engineering” by H.S. biologists into bioprocess engineers. I hope
Fogler; “The Engineering of Chemical Reac- thatthistextbookcanfillthisgap,andbring
tions” by L.D. Schmidt; “Chemical Reaction about the maturity of bioprocess engineer-
Engineering” by O. Levenspiel; “Bioprocess ing. Yet, some of the materials in this text
Engineering-Basic Concepts” by M.L. Shuler aredeepinanalysesthataresuitedforgrad-
and F. Kargi; and many others. All of these uate work and/orfor research reference.
texts, as well as others, have helped form a Thekeyaspectthatmakesbioprocessen-
partofthistext.Itisnotintendedforthistext gineeringspecial isthat it,as adiscipline,is
to replace all these great textbooks. This is centeredonsolvingproblemsoftransforma-
a mere rearrangement and/or compilation tion stemming from cellular functions, and
andismadetogiveyou,thereader,anopp- biological and/or chemical conversions
ortunity to understand some of the basic concerningthesustainableuseofrenewable
principlesofchemicalandbiologicaltransfor- biomass. The mechanism, rate, dynamic be-
mationsinbioprocessengineering. havior, transformation performance, and
The computer age has truly revolution- manipulations of bioprocess systems are
izedtheliteratureonbioprocessengineering, themaintopics of this text.
wellbeyondtheliteraturerevolution,which Chapter1isanintroductiontobioprocess
was brought about by the mass production, engineering profession including green
oravailability,ofpaperandthedistribution chemistry, sustainability considerations,
of books via libraries. The explosion in the and regulatory constraints. Chapter 2 is an
shearamountofliteratureandthebirthofin- overviewof biological basics orcellchemis-
terdisciplinary disciplines, or subject areas, try including cells, viruses, stem cell, amino
in the past decades have been phenomenal. acids, proteins, carbohydrates, and various
Bioprocessengineeringisbornofbiotechnol- biomass components, and fermentation me-
ogyandchemicalengineering.Withthema- dia.InChapter3,asurveyofchemicalreac-
turing of bioprocess engineering as a tion analysis is introduced. The basic
xi
xii
PREFACETOTHEFIRSTEDITION
knowledge of reaction rates, conversion, reactions and Langmuir-Hinshelwood-
yield, stoichiometry, and energy regularity Hougen-Watson (LHHW) for solid catalysis,
for bioreactions are reviewed. The concepts is demonstrated. The applicability of these
of approximate and coupled reactions simple kinetic relations is discussed. In
areintroduced,providingthebasisofunder- Chapter 9, you will learn both ideal and
standing for the metabolic pathway repre- nonideal adsorption kinetics and adsorption
sentations later in this book. Mass and isotherms.Ismultilayeradsorptionthetrade-
energybalancesforreactoranalyses,aswell markforphysisorption?In9.5,theheteroge-
as the definitions of ideal reactorsand com- neous kinetic analysis theory is applied to
monlyknownbioreactorsareintroducedbe- reactions involving woody biomass, where
fore an introduction to reactor system thesolidphaseisnotcatalytic.Chapter10dis-
analyses. Biological and chemical reaction cussescellulargeneticsandmetabolism.The
basicsarefollowedbyreactoranalysisbasics replication of genetic information, protein
inChapters4and5,includingtheeffectofre- production,substrateuptake,andmajormet-
actionkinetics,flowcontactpatterns,andre- abolicpathwaysarediscussed,hintingatthe
actor system optimizations. Gasification (of application of kinetic theory in complicated
coal and biomass) is also introduced in systems. In Chapter 11 you will learn how
Chapter 5. How the ideal reactors are se- cells grow: cellular material quantifications,
lected,whatflowreactortochoose,andwhat batch growth patterns, cell maintenance and
feed strategies to use are also covered in endogenous needs, medium and environ-
Chapter 5. mentalconditions,andkineticmodels.Reac-
Chapters6,7,8,9,10,and11arestudiesin tor analyses are also presented in Chapters
bioprocess kinetics. In Chapter 6 you will 8and11.
learnthecollisiontheoryforreactionkinetics InChapters12and13wediscusscontrolled
andapproximationscommonlyemployedto cellcultivation.Continuouscultureandwaste-
arrive at simple reaction-rate relations. watertreatmentsarediscussedinChapter12.
Kinetics of acid hydrolysis, as an important Exponentialgrowthisrealizedincontinuous
unit operation in biomass conversion, is culturing. An emphasis is placed on reactor
introduced as a case study. In Chapter 7, performance analyses, mostly using the
we discuss the techniques for estimating Monodgrowthmodelintheexamplesinboth
kinetic parameters from experimental data, Chapters. Chapter 13 introduces fed-batch
breakingawayfromthetraditionalstraight- operations and their analyses. Fed-batch can
line approaches developed before the mimic exponential growth in a controlled
computer age. You can learn how to use manner,asopposedtobatchoperationswhere
modern tools for extracting kinetic parame- no control on growth is asserted besides
ters reliably and quickly, without complex environmentalconditions.
manipulations of the data. In Chapters Chapter 14 discusses evolution and ge-
8and9,wediscusstheapplicationofkinetic netic engineering, with an emphasis on bio-
theory to catalytic systems. Enzymes, enzy- technological applications. You will learn
matic reactions, and the application of en- how cells transform, how cells are manipu-
zymes are examined in Chapter 8; while lated, and what some of the applications
adsorption and solid catalysisarediscussed for cellular transformationandrecombinant
in Chapter 9. The derivation of simplified cellsare.Chapter15introducesperspectives
reaction-rate relations, such as the on sustainability. Bioprocess engineering
Michaelis-Menten equation for enzymatic principles are applied in order to examine
xiii
PREFACETOTHEFIRSTEDITION
the sustainability of biomass economy and previous set-point after a minor disturbance
atmospheric CO . Chapter 16 discusses the isanexpectation.InChapter 17, theeffectof
2
stability of catalysts including the activity themasstransferonthereactorperformance,
of a chemical catalyst, the genetic stability in particular with biocatalysis, is discussed.
ofcellsandmixedcultures,aswellasthesta- Both external mass transfers, eg suspended
bility of reactor systems. Sustainability and media; and internal mass transfers, eg
the stability of bioprocess operations are immobilizedsystems;aswellastemperature
discussed. A stable process is sustainable. effects are discussed. Detailed numerical
Multiple steady states, the approach toward solutions can be avoided, or greatly simpli-
asteadystate,theconditionsforstableoper- fied, by directly following the examples.
ations,andpredator-preyinteractionsarealso Chapter 18 discusses reactor design and
discussed. Continuous culture is challenged operation.Reactorselection,mixingschemes,
by stability of cell biomass. In ecological ap- scale-up,and sterilizationandaseptic opera-
plications,sustainabilityofabioprocessisde- tionsarealsodiscussed.
sirable.Forindustrialapplications,theability
of the bioprocess system to return to the Shijie Liu
Acronyms, Abbreviations,
and Symbols
a catalystactivity
a specificsurfaceorinterfacialarea,m2/m3
a thermodynamicactivity
a cumulativeaffinitychangefactor
a dimensionlessdispersioncoefficient
d
a constant
A chemicalspecies
A adenine
A constant
A heattransferarea,m2
Ac acetyl
ADP adenosinediphosphate
AMP adenosinemonophosphate
ATP adenosinetriphosphate
B chemicalspecies
B constant
BOD biologicaloxygendemand
BOD biologicaloxygendemandmeasuredfor5days
5
B S boundspeciesSonn-sitedenzyme
n
c constant
C chemicalspecies
C concentration,mol/Lorkg/m3
C constant
C cytosine
C dimerformedbyswappingcarboxylicacidtermini
D
C heatcapacity,J/(molK),orkJ/(kgK)
P
CoA coenzymeA
CHO ChineseHamsterOvarycell
COD chemicaloxygendemand
CSTR continuouslystirredtankreactor
d diameter,m
D diameter,m
D diffusivity,m2/s
D dilutionrate,s(cid:1)1
D dimer
D- chiralityoropticalisomers:right-handruleapplies
DNA deoxyribonucleicacid
DO concentrationofdissolvedoxygen,g/L
xv
xvi
ACRONYMS,ABBREVIATIONS,ANDSYMBOLS
DP degreeofpolymerization
DS domainswapped
e electron
E enzyme
E energy,kJ/mol
E enzymehavingn-subunits
n
E polymorphmemberorthej-thenzymehavingn-subunits
j n
EMP Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas
f fractionalconversion
f fanningfrictionfactor
F flowrate,kg/sorkmol/s
F Faradyconstant
FAD flavinadeninedinucleotideinoxidizedform
FADH flavinadeninedinucleotideinreducedform
FDA FoodandDrugAdministration
FES fastequilibriumstep(hypothesis)
g gravitationalacceleration,9.80665m2/s
G Gibbsfreeenergy,kJ/mol
G Guanine
GRAS generallyregardedassafe
GMP goodmanufacturepractice
GTP guanosinetriphosphate
h heightorlength
H enthalpy,kJ/molorkJ/kg
H harvestingcost
C
HMP hexosemonophosphate(pathway)
Ig immunoglobulin
J totaltransferflux,kmol/sorkg/s
J transferflux,kmol/(m2s)orkg/(m2s)
k kineticrateconstant
k masstransfercoefficient,m/s
K thermodynamicequilibriumconstant
K saturationconstant,mol/Lorkg/L
K enzymebindingsaturationconstant,mol/L
K overallmasstransfercoefficient(fromgastoliquid)
L
L length
L- chiralityoropticalisomers:lefthandruleapplies
m amountofmass,kg
m_: massflowrate,kg/s
m maintenancecoefficient
S
M molecularweight,Darton(D)orkg/kmol
MC molar(ormass)consumptionrate
MG massgenerationrate
MR massremovalrate
MS molarormasssupplyrate
MSS multiplesteadystate
n totalmattersinnumberofmoles
N masstransferrate,kJ/(m2s)orkg/(m2s)
xvii
ACRONYMS,ABBREVIATIONS,ANDSYMBOLS
N numberofspecies
N dimerformedbyswappingaminetermini
D
NAD nicotinamideadeninedinucleotide
NADP nicotinamideadeninedinucleotidephosphate
O orderofreaction
R
OTR oxygentransferrate
OUR oxygenutilizationrate
p pressure
p polymorphenzymeparameter
e
P probability
P pressure
P product,orproductconcentration,kg/m3,org/L,ormol/L
P power(ofstirrerinput)
P productivityorproductionrateofbiomass
X
P probabilityofthevanishingoftheentirepopulation
0
P probabilityoftheentirepopulationnotvanishing
1
PCR polymerasechainreaction
PEP phosphoenolpyruvate
PFR plugflowreactor
PP pentosephosphate(pathway)
PSSH pseudosteadystatehypothesis
P/O ATPformationperoxygenconsumption
q Thermalflux,J/sorW
Q volumetricflowrate,m3/s
_:
Q thermalenergytransferrateintothesystem
r radialdirection
r rateofreaction,mol/(m3s)orkg/(Ls)
R correlationcoefficient
R idealgasconstant,8.314J/(molK)
R product,orproductconcentration
R recycleratio
Re Reynoldsnumber
RNA ribonucleicacid
s selectivity
S entropy
S overallselectivity
S substrate(orreactant)
S substrateconcentration,g/L
S surfacearea,m2
Sh Sherwoodnumber
SMG specificmassgenerationrate
SMR specificmassremovalrate
t time,s
T temperature,K
T thymine
TCA tricarboxylicacid
u superficialvelocity,m/s
U averagevelocityorvolumetricflux