Biopolymers from Natural Resources PDF
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Biopolymers from Natural Resources Edited by Rafael Antonio Balart Gimeno, Marina Patricia Arrieta Dillon, Daniel García García, Luís Jesús Quiles Carrillo and Vicent Fombuena Borrás Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Polymers www.mdpi.com/journal/polymers Biopolymers from Natural Resources Biopolymers from Natural Resources Editors RafaelAntonioBalartGimeno MarinaPatriciaArrietaDillon DanielGarcı´aGarc´ıa Lu´ısJesu´sQuilesCarrillo VicentFombuenaBorra´s MDPI•Basel•Beijing•Wuhan•Barcelona•Belgrade•Manchester•Tokyo•Cluj•Tianjin Editors RafaelAntonioBalartGimeno MarinaPatriciaArrietaDillon DanielGarc´ıaGarc´ıa UniversitatPolite`cnicade TechnicalUniversityof UniversitatPolite`cnicade Vale`ncia(UPV) Madrid Vale`ncia(UPV) Spain Spain Spain Lu´ısJesu´sQuilesCarrillo VicentFombuenaBorra´s UniversitatPolite`cnicade UniversitatPolite`cnicade Vale`ncia(UPV) Vale`ncia(UPV) Spain Spain EditorialOffice MDPI St.Alban-Anlage66 4052Basel,Switzerland This is a reprint of articles from the Special Issue published online in the open access journal Polymers(ISSN2073-4360)(availableat:https://www.mdpi.com/journal/polymers/specialissues/ BiopolymersNaturalResources). Forcitationpurposes,citeeacharticleindependentlyasindicatedonthearticlepageonlineandas indicatedbelow: LastName,A.A.;LastName,B.B.;LastName,C.C.ArticleTitle. JournalNameYear,VolumeNumber, PageRange. ISBN978-3-0365-3967-6(Hbk) ISBN978-3-0365-3968-3(PDF) ©2022bytheauthors. ArticlesinthisbookareOpenAccessanddistributedundertheCreative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon publishedarticles,aslongastheauthorandpublisherareproperlycredited,whichensuresmaximum disseminationandawiderimpactofourpublications. ThebookasawholeisdistributedbyMDPIunderthetermsandconditionsoftheCreativeCommons licenseCCBY-NC-ND. Contents AbouttheEditors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix Prefaceto”BiopolymersfromNaturalResources” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi RafaelBalart,DanielGarcia-Garcia,VicentFombuena,LuisQuiles-CarrilloandMarinaP. Arrieta BiopolymersfromNaturalResources Reprintedfrom:Polymers2021,13,2532,doi:10.3390/polym13152532 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 DoinaCrucean,BrunoPontoire,GervaiseDebucquet,AlainLe-BailandPatriciaLe-Bail InfluenceofthePresenceofCholineChlorideontheClassicalMechanismof“Gelatinization” ofStarch Reprintedfrom:Polymers2021,13,1509,doi:10.3390/polym13091509 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 IlzeIrbe,IneseFilipova,MariteSkute,AnnaZajakina,KarinaSpundeandTalisJuhna CharacterizationofNovelBiopolymerBlendMycocelfromPlantCelluloseandFungalFibers Reprintedfrom:Polymers2021,13,1086,doi:10.3390/polym13071086 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Maria Jorda-Reolid, Jaume Gomez-Caturla, Juan Ivorra-Martinez, Pablo Marcelo Stefani, SandraRojas-LemaandLuisQuiles-Carrillo UpgradingArganShellWastesinWoodPlasticCompositeswithBiobasedPolyethyleneMatrix andDifferentCompatibilizers Reprintedfrom:Polymers2021,13,922,doi:10.3390/polym13060922 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 David Alejandro Gonza´lez Mart´ınez, Enrique Vigueras Santiago and Susana Herna´ndez Lo´pez Yield and Selectivity Improvement in the Synthesis of Carbonated Linseed Oil by Catalytic ConversionofCarbonDioxide Reprintedfrom:Polymers2021,13,852,doi:10.3390/polym13060852 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Marcela Ferra´ndiz, Eduardo Fages, Sandra Rojas-Lema, Juan Ivorra-Martinez, Jaume Gomez-CaturlaandSergioTorres-Giner Development and Characterization of Weft-Knitted Fabrics of Naturally Occurring Polymer FibersforSustainableandFunctionalTextiles Reprintedfrom:Polymers2021,13,665,doi:10.3390/polym13040665 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Chiraz Ammar, Fahad M. Alminderej, Yassine EL-Ghoul, Mahjoub Jabli and Md. Shafiquzzaman Preparation and Characterization of a New Polymeric Multi-Layered Material Based K-CarrageenanandAlginateforEfficientBio-SorptionofMethyleneBlueDye Reprintedfrom:Polymers2021,13,411,doi:10.3390/polym13030411 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 JohannesAdamcyk,StefanBeisl,SamanehAmini,ThomasJung,FlorianZikeli,JalelLabidi andAntonFriedl Production and Properties of Lignin Nanoparticles from Ethanol Organosolv Liquors—InfluenceofOriginandPretreatmentConditions Reprintedfrom:Polymers2021,13,384,doi:10.3390/polym13030384 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 vi PornchaiRachtanapun,PensakJantrawut,WarinpornKlunklin,KittisakJantanasakulwong, YuthanaPhimolsiripol, NoppolLeksawasdi, PhisitSeesuriyachan, ThanongsakChaiyaso, Chayatip Insomphun, Suphat Phongthai, Sarana Rose Sommano, Winita Punyodom, AlissaraReungsangandThiMinhPhuongNgo CarboxymethylBacterialCellulosefromNatadeCoco:EffectsofNaOH Reprintedfrom:Polymers2021,13,348,doi:10.3390/polym13030348 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 AzlinFazlinaOsman,LilianSiah,AwadA.Alrashdi,AnwarUl-HamidandIsmailIbrahim Improving the Tensile and Tear Properties of Thermoplastic Starch/Dolomite Biocomposite FilmthroughSonicationProcess Reprintedfrom:Polymers2021,13,274,doi:10.3390/polym13020274 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Warinporn Klunklin, Kittisak Jantanasakulwong, Yuthana Phimolsiripol, Noppol Leksawasdi, Phisit Seesuriyachan, Thanongsak Chaiyaso, Chayatip Insomphun, Suphat Phongthai, Pensak Jantrawut, Sarana Rose Sommano, Winita Punyodom, Alissara Reungsang,ThiMinhPhuongNgoandPornchaiRachtanapun Synthesis, Characterization, and Application of Carboxymethyl Cellulose from Asparagus StalkEnd Reprintedfrom:Polymers2021,13,81,doi:10.3390/polym13010081 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 David Marset, Celia Dolza, Eduardo Fages, Eloi Gonga, Oscar Gutie´rrez, Jaume Gomez-Caturla,JuanIvorra-Martinez,LourdesSanchez-NacherandLuisQuiles-Carrillo The Effect of Halloysite Nanotubes on the Fire Retardancy Properties of Partially Biobased Polyamide610 Reprintedfrom:Polymers2020,12,3050,doi:10.3390/polym12123050 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 Pattaraporn Panraksa, Suruk Udomsom, Pornchai Rachtanapun, Chuda Chittasupho, WarintornRuksiriwanichandPensakJantrawut HydroxypropylMethylcelluloseE15:AHydrophilicPolymerforFabricationofOrodispersible FilmUsingSyringeExtrusion3DPrinter Reprintedfrom:Polymers2020,12,2666,doi:10.3390/polym12112666 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 SalmahHusseinsyah,NurLiyanaIzyanZailuddin,AzlinFazlinaOsman,ChewLiLi,Awad A.AlrashdiandAbdulkaderAlakrach MethylMethacrylate(MMA)TreatmentofEmptyFruitBunch(EFB)toImprovetheProperties ofRegeneratedCelluloseBiocompositeFilms Reprintedfrom:Polymers2020,12,2618,doi:10.3390/polym12112618 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 XianZhang,ZhuangzhuangTengandRunzhouHuang BiodegradableStarch/ChitosanFoamviaMicrowaveAssistedPreparation: Morphologyand PerformanceProperties Reprintedfrom:Polymers2020,12,2612,doi:10.3390/polym12112612 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 MohdIbnuHaikalAhmadSohaimyandMohdIkmarNizambinMohamadIsa NaturalInspiredCarboxymethylCellulose(CMC)DopedwithAmmoniumCarbonate(AC)as BiopolymerElectrolyte Reprintedfrom:Polymers2020,12,2487,doi:10.3390/polym12112487 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 FrancoDominici,FrancescaLuzi,PaoloBenincasa,LuigiTorreandDeboraPuglia Biocomposites Based on Plasticized Wheat Flours: Effect of Bran Content on ThermomechanicalBehavior Reprintedfrom:Polymers2020,12,2248,doi:10.3390/polym12102248 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 vii Mar´ıa Carolina Ota´lora, Robinson Camelo, Andrea Wilches-Torres, Agobardo Ca´rdenas-ChaparroandJovannyA.Go´mezCastan˜o EncapsulationEffectontheInVitroBioaccessibilityofSachaInchiOil(PlukenetiavolubilisL.) bySoftCapsulesComposedofGelatinandCactusMucilageBiopolymers Reprintedfrom:Polymers2020,12,1995,doi:10.3390/polym12091995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 Mayra Beatriz Go´mez-Patin˜o, Rosa Estrada-Reyes, Mar´ıa Elena Vargas-Diaz and Daniel Arrieta-Baez CutinfromSolanumMyriacanthumDunalandSolanumAculeatissimumJacq. asaPotentialRaw MaterialforBiopolymers Reprintedfrom:Polymers2020,12,1945,doi:10.3390/polym12091945 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 MarinaRamos,ElenaFortunati,AnaBeltra´n,MercedesPeltzer,FrancescoCristofaro,Livia Visai,ArturJ.M.Valente,AlfonsoJime´nez,Jose´Mar´ıaKennyandMar´ıaCarmenGarrigo´s ControlledRelease,Disintegration,Antioxidant,andAntimicrobialPropertiesofPoly(Lactic Acid)/Thymol/NanoclayComposites Reprintedfrom:Polymers2020,12,1878,doi:10.3390/polym12091878 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 YurongChen,YanxiaLiu,YidanChen,YagangZhangandXingjieZan Design and Preparation of Polysulfide Flexible Polymers Based on Cottonseed Oil and ItsDerivatives Reprintedfrom:Polymers2020,12,1858,doi:10.3390/polym12091858 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 Freddys R. Beltra´n, Marina P. Arrieta, Gerald Gaspar, Mar´ıa U. de la Orden and Joaquı´n Mart´ınezUrreaga Effect ofIignocellulosic Nanoparticles Extractedfrom Yerba Mate(Ilexparaguariensis)on the Structural,Thermal,OpticalandBarrierPropertiesofMechanicallyRecycledPoly(lacticacid) Reprintedfrom:Polymers2020,12,1690,doi:10.3390/polym12081690 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 MarinaPatriciaArrieta, LuanGarrido, Simo´nFaba, AbelGuarda, Mar´ıaJose´ Galottoand CarolLo´pezdeDicastillo Cucumis metuliferus Fruit Extract Loaded Acetate Cellulose Coatings for Antioxidant ActivePackaging Reprintedfrom:Polymers2020,12,1248,doi:10.3390/polym12061248 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 Juan Ivorra-Martinez, Isabel Verdu, Octavio Fenollar, Lourdes Sanchez-Nacher, Rafael BalartandLuisQuiles-Carrillo Manufacturing and Properties of Binary Blend from Bacterial Polyester Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3- hydroxyhexanoate) and Poly(caprolactone) with ImprovedToughness Reprintedfrom:Polymers2020,12,1118,doi:10.3390/polym12051118 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365 JuanIvorra-Martinez,JoseManuel-Man˜ogil,TeodomiroBoronat,LourdesSanchez-Nacher, RafaelBalartandLuisQuiles-Carrillo Development and Characterization of Sustainable Composites from Bacterial Polyester Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) and Almond Shell Flour by Reactive ExtrusionwithOligomersofLacticAcid Reprintedfrom:Polymers2020,12,1097,doi:10.3390/polym12051097 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385 viii About the Editors RafaelAntonioBalartGimeno(h-index41,Scopus)isafacultystaffmemberintheDepartment of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, in the area of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering. He has been a Full Professor at Universitat Polite`cnica de Vale`ncia since 2015. His research activity has been developed in the Institute of Materials Technology at UPV in the “RESEARCH GROUP ON POLYMERS AND GREEN COMPOSITES - GiPCEco”, a group that he has led since its formation. This group focuses its activity on the following research lines, all of themwithamarkedenvironmentalconcern: (1)thepotentialofpolymersofrenewableoriginand theirtransfertoindustrialsectors;(2)minimizingtheimpactofadditivesandactiveingredientsof naturalorigin;(3)thedevelopmentofmaterialsunderthe“bio-refinery”concept;(4)theuseofwaste fromtheagro-foodindustryandagro-forestrysectorthroughtheirincorporationintopolymerand compositeformulations;and(5)circulareconomy. Marina Patricia Arrieta Dillon (h-index 30, Scopus) works at the Department of Industrial and Environmental Chemical Engineering at the School of Technical Industrial Engineering of the Technical University of Madrid, (ETSII-UPM) Madrid, Spain. She holds a Biochemistry BS fromtheNationalUniversityofCo´rdoba(Argentina),aMSinFoodTechnologyfromtheCatholic UniversityofCordoba(Argentina),aMSinPolymerScienceandTechnologyfromUNED(Spain), and an international PhD in Science, Technology and Food Management from the Polytechnic UniversityofValencia(Spain), awardedwiththeExtraordinaryPhDThesisAward. Shehasbeen anAECIDandSantiagoGrisol´ıapredoctoralfellow,aswellasaJuandelaCierva(formacio´nand Incorporacio´n)andUCMpostdoctoralfellow.Dr.Arrietahasexperienceonthesynthesis,processing (melt-blending,extrusion,injectionmoulding,electrospinning,etc.),recycling,andcharacterization ofmultifunctionalsustainablepolymersandtheirnanocompositeswithactiveandmultifunctional propertiesforsustainablefoodpackagingoragriculturalapplications. DanielGarcı´aGarc´ıa(h-index19, Scopus)isanAssociateProfessorofMaterialsScienceand EngineeringattheDepartmentofMechanicalandMaterialsEngineering(UPVCampusd’Alcoi).He isaTechnicalEngineerinIndustrialDesignandMaterialsEngineering.HestudiedaMaster’sdegree in Engineering, Processing and Characterisation of Materials and obtained an international Ph.D. inEngineeringandIndustrialProductionwithanationalFPUgrantattheUPV.Hewasawarded withtheNationalAwardforEndofDegreeinUniversityEducationbytheSpanishGovernmentand withtheExtraordinaryDoctoralThesisAwardfromtheUPV.HejoinedtheTechnologicalInstituteof Materials(ITM)in2009andspecializesonthedevelopmentandformulationofsustainablepolymers. Hisareasofinterestincludetheextractionofactivecompoundsfromagroforestryresiduesforuseas additivesinbiopolymersandthedevelopmentandcharacterizationofbionanocomposites. ix Lu´ısJesu´sQuilesCarrillo(h-index18, Scopus)worksattheDepartmentofMechanicaland Materials Engineering of the Escuela Polite´cnica Superior de Alcoy (EPSA) of the Universitat Polite`cnicadeVale`ncia,(UPV)Alcoy,Spain.HeholdsadegreeinMechanicalEngineering,aMaster’s degreeinEngineering,ProcessingandCharacterisationofMaterials,andobtainedaninternational PhDinengineeringandindustrialproductionwithanationalFPUgrantattheUPV.Hewasawarded theBestDoctoralThesisinPolymersAwardbytheRoyalSpanishSocietyofChemistryandPhysics (RSEQandRSEF),grantedbythegroupspecialisedinpolymers(GEP). His research work has focused on the search for new formulations of polymers with high environmental performance from waste and natural compounds. He has extensive experience in the characterisation of polymeric and composite materials, the reuse of waste and by-products for the creation of highly eco-efficient packaging, and works extensively with techniques such as electrospinningandpolymerinjectionmoulding. Vicent Fombuena Borra´s (h-index 17, Scopus) works at the Department of Nuclear and Chemical Engineering of the Escuela Polite´cnica Superior de Alcoy (EPSA) of the Universitat Polite`cnicadeVale`ncia,(UPV)Alcoy,Spain.HeholdsdegreesinTechnicalEngineeringinIndustrial ChemicalEngineeringandMaterialsEngineering.HejoinedtheTechnologicalInstituteofMaterials (ITM) in 2008 as a research technician and obtained an international PhD in Engineering and IndustrialProductionin2012. Hisresearchworkhasfocusedontheimplementationofacircular economymodelinthepolymerindustry. Hehasfocusedhiseffortsonobtainingmultipleactive compoundsfromseedsandagroforestryresiduestobeappliedinthermoplasticandthermosetting polymers. He has extensive experience in techniques of the chemical, thermal and mechanical characterizationofmaterials. x Preface to ”Biopolymers from Natural Resources” The increase in the production and application of biobased polymers has been posed as an extremely promising method of sustainable development goals, offering the option of replacing traditionalpetroleumpolymersinseveralindustrialsectors. Inthiscontext, thereisgreatinterest inbiobasedbuildingblocks,including:therevalorizationofagri-foodwastes;biopolymersextracted directly from biomass, such as polysaccharides and proteins, as well as those produced by yeast biomassorbybacterialfermentation;medicaldevices;foodpackaging;agriculturalfilms;membrane process applications, and so on. Despite the successful development of biobased polymers to an industrial scale, huge interest in their optimization still exists in order to extend their industrial exploitation.Therefore,significantattentionhasbeengiventotheimprovementofthesesustainable plastics’overallperformance,withthehopeoffurtherexpandingtheiradvantageousproperties.Asa versatileproduct,biobasedpolymerscanbemodifiedthroughchemicalsynthesis,copolymerization, orsurfacemodification, aswellasbytheuseofdifferentadditives, i.e., microandnanoparticles, plasticizers,andactiveagents,amongothers. This work covers all aspects related to recent, original, and cutting-edge research works focused on enhancing the performance of biopolymers from natural resources, and emphasising their potential use in industrial sectors, in line with the worldwide trend of building a circular economy. Eachchapterisconcernedwithagivenpolymer’ssustainableorigin,inadditiontotheir prospectiveobtainment,production,design,andprocessingatanindustriallevel,aswellaspossible improvementsforspecificindustrialapplications. We acknowledge each author for their substantial contribution to the research field of biopolymersfromnaturalresources. RafaelAntonioBalartGimeno,MarinaPatriciaArrietaDillon,DanielGarcı´aGarc´ıa,Lu´ısJesu´s QuilesCarrillo,andVicentFombuenaBorra´s Editors xi
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