Biophysical, Physiological Effects of Solar Radiation on Human Skin - P. Giacomoni (RSC, 2007) WW

352 Pages·2007·54.36 MB·English

COMPREHENSIVE SERIES IN PHOTOCHEMISTRY
AND PHOTOBIOLOGY

Series Editors

Donat P. Ha¨ der
Professor of Botany

and

Giulio Jori
Professor of Chemistry

European Society for Photobiology

COMPREHENSIVE SERIES IN PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY

Series Editors: Donat P. Ha¨ der and Giulio Jori

Titles in this Series:

Volume 1
UV Effects in Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems
Edited by E.W. Helbling and H. Zagarese

Volume 2
Photodynamic Therapy
Edited by T. Patrice

Volume 3
Photoreceptors and Light Signalling
Edited by A. Batschauer

Volume 4
Lasers and Current Optical Techniques in Biology
Edited by G. Palumbo and R. Pratesi

Volume 5
From DNA Photolesions to Mutations, Skin Cancer and Cell
Death
Edited by E´ . Sage, R. Drouin and M. Rouabhia

Volume 6
Flavins: Photochemistry and Photobiology
Edited by E. Silva and A.M. Edwards

Volume 7
Photodynamic Therapy with ALA: A Clinical Handbook
Edited by R. Pottier, B. Krammer, R. Baumgartner, H. Stepp

Volume 8
Primary Processes of Photosynthesis, Part 1: Principles and
Apparatus
Edited by G. Renger

Volume 9
Primary Processes of Photosynthesis, Part 2: Principles and
Apparatus
Edited by G. Renger

Volume 10 Biophysical and Physiological Effects of Solar Radiation on
Human Skin
Edited by Paolo U. Giacomoni

Visit our website at http://www.rsc.org/Publishing/Books/PPS

COMPREHENSIVE SERIES IN PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND
PHOTOBIOLOGY–VOLUME 10

Biophysical and Physiological
Effects of Solar Radiation on
Human Skin

Editor

Paolo U Giacomoni
Clinique Laboratories
Estee Lauder Companies
125 Pinelawn Road
Melville, NY 11747
USA

ISBN: 978-0-85404-289-0

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

r European Society of Photobiology 2007

All rights reserved

Apart from fair dealing for the purposes of research for non-commercial purposes or for
private study, criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents
Act 1988 and the Copyright and Related Rights Regulations 2003, this publication may not
be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior
permission in writing of The Royal Society of Chemistry, or in the case of reproduction in
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or in accordance with the terms of the licences issued by the appropriate Reproduction
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stated here should be sent to The Royal Society of Chemistry at the address printed on this
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Published by The Royal Society of Chemistry,
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Registered Charity Number 207890

For further information see our web site at www.rsc.org

Preface for the ESP Series in
Photochemical and Photobiological Sciences

‘‘Its not the substance, it’s the dose which makes something poisonous!’’
When Paracelsius, a German physician of the fourteenth century made this
statement, he probably did not think about light as one of the most obvious
environmental factors. But his statement applies as well to light. While we
need light, for example, for vitamin D production too much light might cause
skin cancer. The dose makes the difference. These diverse findings of light
effects have attracted the attention of scientists for centuries. The photosci-
ences represent a dynamic multidisciplinary field which includes such diverse
subjects as behavioral responses of single cells, cures for certain types of
cancer and the protective potential of tanning lotions. It includes photobiol-
ogy and photochemistry, photomedicine as well as the technology for light
production, filtering and measurement. Light is a common theme in all these
areas. In recent decades a more molecular centered approach changed both
the depth and the quality of the theoretical as well as the experimental
foundation of photosciences.
An example of the relationship between global environment and the bio-
sphere is the recent discovery of ozone depletion and the resulting increase in
high energy ultraviolet radiation. The hazardous effects of high energy ultra-
violet radiation on all living systems is now well established. This discovery of
the result of ozone depletion put photosciences at the center of public interest
with the result that, in an unparalleled effort, scientists and politicians worked
closely together to come to international agreements to stop the pollution of the
atmosphere.
The changed recreational behavior and the correlation with several diseases
in which sunlight or artificial light sources play a major role in the causation of
clinical conditions (e.g. porphyrias, polymorphic photodermatoses, Xeroderma
pigmentosum and skin cancers) have been well documented. As a result, in some
countries (e.g. Australia) public services inform people about the potential risk
of extended periods of sun exposure every day. The problems are often
aggravated by the phototoxic or photoallergic reactions produced by a variety
of environmental pollutants, food additives or therapeutic and cosmetic drugs.
On the other hand, if properly used, light-stimulated processes can induce
important beneficial effects in biological systems, such as the elucidation of
several aspects of cell structure and function. Novel developments are centered
around photodiagnostic and phototherapeutic modalities for the treatment of
cancer, artherosclerosis, several autoimmune diseases, neonatal jaundice and

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others. In addition, classic research areas such as vision and photosynthesis are
still very active. Some of these developments are unique to photobiology, since
the peculiar physico-chemical properties of electronically excited biomolecules
often lead to the promotion of reactions which are characterized by high levels
of selectivity in space and time. Besides the biologically centered areas, tech-
nical developments have paved the way for the harnessing of solar energy to
produce warm water and electricity or the development of environmentally
friendly techniques for addressing problems of large social impact (e.g. the
decontamination of polluted waters). While also in use in Western countries,
these techniques are of great interest for developing countries.
The European Society for Photobiology (ESP) is an organization for devel-
oping and coordinating the very different fields of photosciences in terms of
public knowledge and scientific interests. Due to the ever increasing demand for
a comprehensive overview of the photosciences the ESP decided to initiate an
encyclopedic series, the Comprehensive Series in Photochemical and Photobio-
logical Sciences. This series is intended to give an in-depth coverage over all the
very different fields related to light effects. It will allow investigators, physi-
cians, students, industry and laypersons to obtain an updated record of the
state-of-the-art in specific fields, including a ready access to the recent litera-
ture. Most importantly, such reviews give a critical evaluation of the directions
that the field is taking, outline hotly debated or innovative topics and even
suggest a redirection if appropriate. It is our intention to produce the mono-
graphs at a sufficiently high rate to generate a timely coverage of both well
established and emerging topics. As a rule, the individual volumes are com-
missioned; however, comments, suggestions or proposals for new subjects are
welcome.

Donat-P. Ha¨ der and Giulio Jori
Spring 2002

vi
PREFACE

Volume Preface

– I generate knowledge

– We do not sell knowledge

– With relevant knowledge one could market better products

From ‘‘Dialogs of the Scientist and CEO’’ (Paolo Giacomoni, in preparation)

People lacking a particular gene have larger chances for multiple skin cancers.
Black and Latino skins are more efficient than Asian and Caucasian in
repairing DNA and removing damaged cells. The immune system of the skin
needs specifically designed protection. Singlet oxygen is perhaps the single most
damaging reactive oxygen species generated by solar radiation, and our skin
has no defense against it.
These and other striking results are described in this monograph of the Euro-
pean Society for Photobiology, which summarizes the recent progress of our
knowledge on the consequences of the exposure of healthy skin to solar radiation.
The ESP publishes monographs describing the progress in different fields of
photobiology. In 2001 the monograph, Sun Protection in Man, summarized the
known positive and negative effects of ultraviolet radiation, the biochemical
responses of human skin, the physiological and artificial defenses at hand, the
relevant experimental models and the physics of solar radiation.
Biophysical and Physiological Effects of Solar Radiation on Human Skin takes
on where Sun Protection in Man left off. Notwithstanding the wealth of
knowledge accumulated in the second half of the nineteenth century and in
the twentieth century, twenty-first century photo-biology has already produced
striking observations leading to the discovery of new paradigms. To our
knowledge of the short-term effects of acute exposure and to the epidemiolog-
ical observation of the effects of chronic exposure to UV, we have added the
results relative to the effects of repeated sub-erythemal doses which are
enlightening (no pun intended) to understanding the etiology of the many
effects of chronic exposure to solar radiation, particularly as far as the different
aspects of UV-induced inflammation are concerned.
Twenty-first Century photobiology has extended our knowledge on the
effects of solar radiation to non-Caucasian populations, has investigated
the relationship between genetic background and the onset of skin cancer,
has provided paradigms to understand photo-induced immune-depression, has

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fostered investigations to unveil the physiological role of visible light and
tackles the difficulties in understanding the mechanisms leading to the forma-
tion of age spots. Up until now one might have believed that we knew
everything about the UV-induced generation of DNA damage and oxidative
stress. We now have learned that, via energy transfer mechanisms, UV-A can
provoke the production of cyclo-butane pyrimidine dimers and that lipid
peroxides can trigger the oxidation of proteins. We already knew about the
mechanisms of DNA repair and of removal of damaged proteins, we now have
learned about the interplay between UVA and UVB and about ‘‘inducible’’
mechanisms providing protection against UV.
On the 10th Anniversary of the proposal of the micro-inflammatory model
for skin aging by Giacomoni and D’Alessio within the European Network for
Molecular Gerontology (Molecular Gerontology [Rattan & Toussaint editors]
Plenum Press 1996), the evidence gathered in vivo and with cells in culture about
photo-aging, confirms the predictions. The consequences of the oxidative burst
and of the protease cascade after UV which multiply the initial photo-damage
lead to the eventual disorganization of structural proteins in the dermis and in
the basement membrane with the concomitant loss of elasticity and resilience.
This monograph is intended to be a ‘‘must read’’ both for the scholar and for
the educated layman. It has been written with a historical prospective and
avoids discussing transient knowledge. What has been learned in photobiology
will have wide scientific, technological and industrial applications and will have
remarkable behavioral consequences as well.
Describing the role of individual genes in the response to the different
exposures to solar radiation could be a formidable task. This will allow one
to tackle the even wider question, of the interplay of different genes and the role
of the individual genetic background after solar challenge. Pharmacological
tools containing DNA repair enzymes, presently developed to accompany and
alleviate the consequences of inherited diseases such as Xeroderma pigmento-
sum, will inspire the scientists to develop future therapies. New technologies
will be developed to accelerate the repair of sun-induced damage other than
DNA damage, and a sophisticated fine tuning will be added to the present-day
quite unspecific protection offered by sunscreens against UVB and UVA.
Skin care technologies will take advantage of these new findings in photo-
biology to tailor new products, and it can be expected that the Chinese, Indian
and South American markets will find cosmetic and pharmacological products
fitting their needs.
In the Western world, sun-worshipping will probably come to an end. A tan
will no longer be considered a fashionable indicator of health and wealth, and,
when exposed to solar radiation, we will use umbrellas and long-sleeved
dresses, thus mimicking the behavior of our ancestors in the late nineteenth
century rather than that of our grandparents 50 years later.

Paolo Giacomoni
Clinique Laboratories
Melville

viii
VOLUME PREFACE

Contents

Part I:
Physiological Effects

Chapter 1
Damage from Acute vs Chronic Solar Exposure
3
Antony R. Young

Chapter 2
Inflammation after Solar Radiation
25
K. Wade Foster, Santosh K. Katiyar, Nabiha Yusuf and
Craig A. Elmets

Chapter 3
Pigmentation after Solar Radiation
65
Pier Giacomo Calzavara-Pinton and Bernhard Ortel

Chapter 4
Skin Color, Melanin, Race/Ethnicity and UV-Induced
DNA Damage
99
Janusz Z. Beer and Vincent J. Hearing

Chapter 5
The Effects of Solar Radiation on the Immune Response
in Humans
127
Gary M. Halliday and Sabita Rana

Chapter 6
Genetic Background and UVR-induced Skin Cancer
165
Paul Hoban and Richard Strange

Chapter 7
Aging after Solar Radiation
191
Meinhard Wlaschek, Lars-Alexander Schneider,
Matthias Kohn, Elke Nu¨beler, Nicolai Treiber and
Karin Scharffetter-Kochanek

Chapter 8
The Effects of Visible and Near Infrared Light in Humans
211
Joan E. Roberts

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