Biopesticides: Use and Delivery PDF
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Biopesticides METHODS IN BIOTECHNOLOGY’” John M. Walker, SERIEESD ITOR 12 EnvironmentalM onitoring of Bacteria,e dited by CloveE dwards, 1999 11 AqueousT wo-PhaseS ystemse,d ited by Rap Hattl-Kuul, 1999 10. CarbohydrateB iotechnologyP rotocolse, dited by Chrrstopher Bucke, 1999 9. DownstreamP rocessingM ethods,e dited by Mohamed LIesal, 1999 8 Animal Cell Biotechnologye,d lted by Nlgel Jenkms, 1999 7. Affinity BiosensorsT: echniques and Protocols, edlted by Km R Rogers and Ashok Mulchandanr, 1998 6. Enzymea nd Microbial BiosensorsT: echniques and Protocols, edlted by Ashok Mulchandam and Kern R Rogers, 1998 5. BiopesticidesU: se and Delivery, edited by Frankhn R. Hall and Julius J. Menn, 1999 4. Natural ProductsI solation, edited by Rxhard J P Cunnell, 1998 3. RecombinanPt roteinsf rom Plants:P rod&on and Isolation of Clinically Useful Compounds, edited by Charles Cunmngham and Andrew J R Porter, 1998 2. BioremediationP rotocolse, dited by David Sheehan, 1997 1 Immobilizationo f Enzymeasn d Cells, edited by Gordon F Blckerstafi 1997 Biopesticides Use and Delivery Edited by Franklin R. Hall Ohio State Unwersity, Wooster, OH and Julius J. Menn Excipula, Inc , Highland, MD Humana Press Totowa, New Jersey 0 1999 Humana Press Inc 999 RIvervIew Drive, Suite 208 Totowa, New Jersey 075 I2 All rrghts reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored m a retrieval system, or transmltted m any form or by any means, electromc, mechamcal, photocopymg, mlcrofilmmg, recording, or otherwlse wlthout wrttten permIssIon from the Publisher Methods m Blotechnologyc\* IS a trademark of The Humana Press Inc All authored papers, comments, opmlons, conclusions, or recommendations are those of the author(s), and do not necessarily reflect the views of the publisher This publlcatlon IS printed on acid-free paper @ ANSI 239 48-1984 (American Standards Institute) Permanence of Paper for Prmted Library Materials Covet lllustratlon Fig I A m Chapter I6 “Naturally Occurrmg Baculovlruses for Insect Pest Control,” by Brian A FederIc Cover design by Patricia F Cleary For additional copies, pricing for bulk purchases, and/or mformatlon about other Humana titles, contact Humana at the above address or at any of the followmg numbers Tel 973-256-1699, Fax 973-256-834 1, E-mall humanaahumanapr corn, or visit our Webslte http //humanapress corn Photocopy Authorization Policy: Authorlzatlon to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the Internal or personal use of specific clients, IS granted by Humana Press Inc , provtded that the base fee of US $8 00 per copy, plus US $00 25 per page, IS paid directly to the CopyrIght Clearance Center at 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923 For those orgamzattons that have been granted a photocopy license from the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged and IS acceptable to Humana Press Inc The fee code for usersofthe TransactIonal Reporting Service IS [O-89603-5 15-8198 $8 00 + $00 251 Printed m the Umted States of America IO 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 I Library of Congress Cataloging m Pubhcatlon Data Mam entry under title Methods In biotechnology’* Blopesttcldes use and dellvery/edlted by Franklm R Hall and Juhus J Menn P cm --(Methods In biotechnology, 5) Includes Index ISBN O-89603-5 15-8 (alk paper) I Natural pestlctdes 2 BIologIcal pest control agents 3 Agrrcultural pests-Blologtcal control 1 Hall, Franklin R II Menn, Juhus J III Series SB95l I45 M37B56 1998 632’ 954~2 I 98-25118 CIP Preface It was our intention and goal to bring together m Biopestzcides Use and Delavery the latest advances in the science and technology of the evolving field of biopesticides In the context of crop protectton, btopesttcides are a key component of integrated pest management (IPM) programs, m which biopesticides are delivered to crops m inundative quantities, vs the mocula- tive approach, which is charactertstic of classical biological control. Although there are several definitions of biopesttcides m the literature, we chose to define them as either microbials themselves or products derived from microbials, plants, and other biological entities. In the developed, industrial countries, primarily in Western Europe and the United States, biopesticides are receiving more practical attention, smce they are viewed as a means to reduce the load of synthetic chemical pestt- tides m an effort to provide for safer foods and a cleaner envtronment. In the developing countries, biopestictdes are viewed as having the potential to ex- ploit nattve resources to produce crop protection agents that would replace imported chemical pesticides and conserve much-needed hard currencies These trends are well represented by the dynamic growth of engineered crops expressing the delta-endotoxm insecticidal protem crystals of Bacillus thuringzenszs (B.t ) m corn, cotton, and potatoes and the development of re- combinant B.t.s and biopesticides as key crop protection agents against such pests as the soybean caterpillar, which is effectively controlled by a nuclear polyhedrous virus m Brazil, the use of neem extracts m East Africa and India, and various botamcals m East Africa and South America. The btopesticide market is expected to grow at a rate of 10% per year vs l--2% for chemical pesticides. The current biopesticide market IS estimated at $500 million worldwtde At the projected rate of growth, the sales volume ~111 double by the year 2007. It is likely that major breakthroughs m biopesticide technology ~111f urther increase the rate of growth of biopesttcide usage A pertinent example mvolves the efforts by several multmattonal com- panies to produce baculoviruses m deep fermentation Success m this area could provide a major boost to the mcorporation of baculoviruses as major crop protection agents m the biopesticide armamentarmm. V VI Preface We do not view biopesticides as replacements for chemtcal pesticides on major crops Biopesticides, viewed realistically, will most likely find uses as supplements to chemical pesticrdes and as rotation agents m early season on major crops to retard the onset of resistance. Other uses that will increase the acceptance of biopesticides ~111b e m IPM programs on minor crops and niche markets We have mvrted leading experts m the btopesticide field to contribute comprehensive chapters on mode of action, development, productron, dehv- ery systems (formulations), and market prospects for the future. In addition, we invited registration experts from both government and industry to review current registration requirements, time frames, and costs of registration and compare them with registration requirements of conventtonal pesticides. We also have contributions describing momtormg procedures and management of resistance of pests to biopesticides. It is our goal that this volume will serve as the current, most comprehen- sive treatise on the rapidly emerging field of btopesttcides and a useful resource for practitioners, students, regulators, and mdustrial planners and marketers. Franklin R. Hall Julius J. Menn Contents Preface . . . . .- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,.,,... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , V Lrst of Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .., XI 1 Biopesticides. Present Status and Future Prospects Julius J. Menn and Franklin R. Hall.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I PART I PROJECTIONS ON OPPORTUNITIES FOR BIOPESTICIDES IN CROP PROTECTION . . . .. . . . .. .. . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . I1 2 The North American Scenario Jerry Caulder . . . . *. . . . . , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 3 Microbial Bropesticides: The European Scene Tariq M. Butt, John G. Harris, and Keith A. Powell. . . . . . . ..*.... . . . 23 4 Developing Countries Balasobramanyan Sugavanam and Xie Tianjian . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . 45 5 Pesticide Policy influences on Biopesticide Technologies Noel D. llri . . . .,.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 PART I I. BIOFUNGICIDES . . . .. . .. . . .. , . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 75 6 Commercral Development of Brofungicides Rafael Hofstein and Andrew C. Chapple . . ..* ,. . 77 7 Biological Control of Seedlrng Diseases K. Prakesh Hebbar and Robert D. Lumsden . . . . . 103 8 Joint Action of Microbials for Disease Control Claude Alabouvette and Philippe Lemanceau . . . . . . 117 PART II I BIOINSECTICIDES . .. .. . .. . .. . . . . . . .. .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. .. . . . . 137 9 Neem and Related Natural Products Murray B. lsman . . . . , . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 10 Commercial Experience with Neem Products James F. Walter . . . . . . . . . . . ,. . 155 11 Fermentation-Derived Insecticide Control Agents The Spinosyns Thomas C. Sparks, Gary D. Thompson, Herbert A. Kirst, Mark B. Hertlein, Jon S. Mynderse, Jan R. Turner, and Thomas V. Worden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 12 Baa//us thunng/ensis. Natural and Recombinant Bllomsecticide Products James A. Baum, T. B. Johnson, and Bruce C. Carlton . . . . . . . . 189 vii *., Contents VIII 13 Transgenrc Plants Expressing Toxms from Bacillus thuringrems Jonnie N. Jenkins . . . . . . , . 211 14 Production, Delivery, and Use of Mycoinsectrcides for Control of Insect Pests on Field Crops Steven P. Wraigt and Raymond 1. Carruthers . . 233 15 Entomopathogemc Nematodes Parwinder Grewal and Ramon Georgis . . . . . , 271 16 Naturally Occurring Baculovrruses for Insect Pest Control Brian A. Federici . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 17 Recombinant Baculoiviruses Michael F. Treaty . .,... . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . .*.. . 321 18 Joint Actron of Baculoviruses and Other Control Agents William F. McCutchen and Lindsey Flexner . . . . . . . . ,.. . . . . 34 1 PART IV BIOHERBICIDES . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . .. . .. . . .. . , .. . .. .,.,. 357 19 Mycoherbrcrdes Alice L. Pilgeram and David C. Sands . . . . . . 359 20 Formulation and Application of Plant Pathogens for Brologrcal Weed Control Nina K. Zidack and Paul C. Quimby . . . . . . . . . . . . 371 PART V OTHER BIORATIONAL TECHNOLOGIES . . . 383 21 Phereomones for Insect Control. Strategies and Successes D. R. Thomson, L. J. Gut, and J. W. Jenkins . . . . . . . . . . . . 385 PART VI REGISTRATION OF B!OPESTICIDES ,..... ..,. . , , . . . . . ., 473 22 The Federal Registratron Process and Requirements for the United States J. Thomas McClintock , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., 415 23 IR-4 Bropestrcrde Program for Minor Crops Christina L. Hartman and George M. Markle . , 443 24 RegistratrorYRegulatory Requirements In Europe Mike Neale and Phil Newton . . 453 25 Environmental and Regulatory Aspects, industry Wew and Approach Joseph D. Panetta , . . 473 PART VII MANAGEMENT PROTOCOLS . . .. . . . 485 26 Formulatrons of Biopesticides Susan M. Boyetchko, Eric Pedersen, Zamir K. Punja, and Munagala S. Reddy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., , . . . . . 487 27 Delivery Systems and Protocols for Biopesticides Roy Bateman . . . . .,.* . . *. . . . . . . .* . . . ,.. ,. . . 509 Contents ix 28 Analysis, Momtormg, and Some Regulatory Implications Jack R. Piimmer . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . *.*,... 529 29 Principles of Dose Aquisitlon for Bioinsecticides Hugh F. Evans, .., ..*... . . . ...* . . . . . . . . . . . .* * . . . . . . 553 30 Strategies for Resistance Management Richard T. Roush . . . . , . , . . . , . . .., . . . . . . . . . . . . 575 31 Field Management’ Delivery of New Technologies to Growers Mark E. Whalon and Deborah L. Norris . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595 Index . . . . . . . , . . . . . . .*... ..* 609 Contributors CLAUDE ALABOUVETTE Laboratoire de Recherches SUPla Flare pathogene l duns le Sol, Doon, France ROY BATEMAN International Institute of Biologtcal Control, Ascot, UK l JAMES A. BAUM Ecogen, Inc., Langhorne, PA l SUSAN M. BOYETCHKO Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, l Canada TARIQ M. BUTT IACR-Rothamsted, Harpenden, UK l BRUCE C. CARLTON New Jersey Agrtcultural Experimental Statton, Cook l College, Rutgers Untversity, New Brunswick, NJ RAYMOND I. CARRUTHERS National Program Stag USDA/ARS, Beltsvtlle, l MD JERRY CAULDER Mycogen Corporation, San Dtego, CA l ANDREW CHAPPLE Ecogen, Inc., Langhorne, PA l HUGH F EVANS Forestry Commtsston Research Agency, Wreccleshan, UK l BRIAN A. FEDERICI Department of Entomology and Interdepartmental l Graduate Program tn Genetics, University of California, Riverside, CA LINDSEY FLEXNER DuPont Agricultural Research Center, Newark, DE l RAMON GEORGIS Therm0 Trtlogy Corp., Columbta, MD l PARWINDER GREWAL Department of Entomology, Ohio State Untverstty, l Wooster, OH L. J. GUT Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East l Lanstng, MI FRANKLIN R. HALL Ohto State University. Wooster, OH l JOHN G. HARRIS Zeneca Agrochemicals, Bracknell, UK l CHRISTINA L. HARTMAN IR-4 Biopesticide Coordinator, Rutgers, The State l Untverstty of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ Present Address. Agricultural Products Research Division, American Cyanamid Co , Princeton, NJ K. PRAKESH HEBBAR USDA/ARS, Beltsvtlle, MD l MARK B. HERTLEIN DowElanco Discovery Research, Indianapolis, IN l RAPHAEL HOFSTEIN Ecogen, Inc., Langhorne, PA l MURRAY B. ISMAN Department of Plant Science, University of Brtttsh l Columbia, Vancouver, Canada xi
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