Biopesticides : state of the art and future opportunities PDF
Preview Biopesticides : state of the art and future opportunities
Biopesticides: State of the Art and Future Opportunities In Biopesticides: State of the Art and Future Opportunities; Coats, et al.; In Biopesticides: State of the Art and Future Opportunities; Coats, et al.; 1172 ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES Biopesticides: State of the Art and Future Opportunities Aaron D. Gross, Editor University of Florida Gainesville, Florida Joel R. Coats, Editor Iowa State University Ames, Iowa Stephen O. Duke, Editor Agriculture Research Service U.S. Department of Agriculture University, Mississippi James N. Seiber, Editor University of California Davis, California Sponsored by the ACS Division of Agrochemicals AmericanChemicalSociety,Washington,DC DistributedinprintbyOxfordUniversityPress In Biopesticides: State of the Art and Future Opportunities; Coats, et al.; LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Biopesticides:stateoftheartandfutureopportunities/AaronD.Gross,editor,University ofFlorida,Gainesville,Florida,JoelR.Coats,editor,IowaStateUniversity,Ames,Iowa, StephenO.Duke,editor,AgricultureResearchService,U.S.DepartmentofAgriculture, University,Mississippi,JamesN.Seiber,editor,UniversityofCalifornia,Davis,California; sponsoredbytheACSDivisionofAgrochemicals. pagescm.-- (ACSsymposiumseries;1172) Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-0-8412-2998-3(alk.paper) 1. Naturalpesticides.2. Biologicalpestcontrolagents.3. Agriculturalpests--Biological control. I.Gross,Aaron(AaronD.)editor.II.Coats,JoelR.,1948-editor.III.Duke, StephenO.,1944-editor.IV.Seiber,JamesN.,1940-editor.V.AmericanChemicalSociety. DivisionofAgrochemicals. SB951.145.N37B5662014 632′.96--dc23 2014036130 ThepaperusedinthispublicationmeetstheminimumrequirementsofAmericanNational Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSIZ39.48n1984. Copyright©2014AmericanChemicalSociety DistributedinprintbyOxfordUniversityPress AllRightsReserved. ReprographiccopyingbeyondthatpermittedbySections107or108 oftheU.S.CopyrightActisallowedforinternaluseonly,providedthataper-chapterfeeof $40.25plus$0.75perpageispaidtotheCopyrightClearanceCenter,Inc.,222Rosewood Drive,Danvers,MA01923,USA.Republicationorreproductionforsaleofpagesinthis bookispermittedonlyunderlicensefromACS.Directtheseandotherpermissionrequests toACSCopyrightOffice,PublicationsDivision,115516thStreet,N.W.,Washington,DC 20036. Thecitationoftradenamesand/ornamesofmanufacturersinthispublicationisnottobe construedasanendorsementorasapprovalbyACSofthecommercialproductsorservices referenced herein; nor should the mere reference herein to any drawing, specification, chemicalprocess, orotherdataberegardedasalicenseorasaconveyanceofanyright or permission to the holder, reader, or any other person or corporation, to manufacture, reproduce,use,orsellanypatentedinventionorcopyrightedworkthatmayinanywaybe relatedthereto. Registerednames,trademarks,etc.,usedinthispublication,evenwithout specificindicationthereof,arenottobeconsideredunprotectedbylaw. PRINTEDINTHEUNITEDSTATESOFAMERICA In Biopesticides: State of the Art and Future Opportunities; Coats, et al.; Foreword The ACS Symposium Series was first published in 1974 to provide a mechanism for publishing symposia quickly in book form. The purpose of the series is to publish timely, comprehensive books developed from the ACS sponsoredsymposiabasedoncurrentscientificresearch. Occasionally,booksare developed from symposia sponsored by other organizations when the topic is of keeninteresttothechemistryaudience. Beforeagreeingtopublishabook,theproposedtableofcontentsisreviewed forappropriateandcomprehensivecoverageandforinteresttotheaudience. Some papersmaybeexcludedtobetterfocusthebook;othersmaybeaddedtoprovide comprehensiveness. When appropriate, overview or introductory chapters are added. Draftsofchaptersarepeer-reviewedpriortofinalacceptanceorrejection, andmanuscriptsarepreparedincamera-readyformat. As a rule, only original research papers and original review papers are included in the volumes. Verbatim reproductions of previous published papers arenotaccepted. ACSBooksDepartment In Biopesticides: State of the Art and Future Opportunities; Coats, et al.; Preface Resistance to conventional pesticides has been growing rapidly among all pests. Furthermore, there is increased public concern about the safety of conventional pesticides, and increased governmental restrictions have resulted in the need to identify new compounds that are safe and effective in controlling pests that are of concern to agriculture as well as to public and animal health. Biopesticidesmayaidinthecontrolofsuchpestswithfewerdeleteriouseffects to the environment, people and animals. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) defines biopesticides as “pesticides derived from such natural materialsasanimals,plants,bacteria,andcertainminerals”(www.epa.gov). According to the U.S. EPA’s website in 2014 there were more than 430 registered biopesticides along with 1320 active product registrations. Biopesticides have seen a recent growth, which is partially due to increased advancesinbiotechnologicaltoolsforpestcontrol. However,thegrowthhasbeen largely spurred by the growing needs for new tools to fight pesticide resistance andsaferandmorebenignmeansofpestmanagement. This volume and the chapters contained within it resulted from the “Biopesticides: State of the Art and Future Opportunities” symposium held at the246thACSNationalMeetinginIndianapolis,Indiana,September8–12,2013. The symposium was comprised of 38 papers in five sessions: The Big Picture, RepellentsandAttractants,InsecticidesandNematicides,ProductsfromGenetic Improvements,andEconomic,RegulatoryandFutureNeeds. We gratefully thank all of the authors for contributing chapters, and ACS for an Innovative Project Grant for Divisional Enhancement and the Ag Biotech Stewardship Technical Committee for generously funding this AGRO Divisionsymposiumthatwasthefoundationforthisvolume. Wealsothankthe AgrochemicalsDivisionofACSforitssupportofthissymposium. ADG dedicates this book to his family and his dear friends, Dr. Justin Bushkofsky and Liz Bushkofsky. JRC dedicates it to the excellent graduate studentsandpostdocsthathavecontributedtohislaboratoryovertheyears. SOD dedicates it to the many students, postdocs, and colleagues with whom he has sharedscience. JNSdedicatesittostaffandstudentsinEnvironmentalToxicology and Environmental Sciences at the University of California, Davis, and the UniversityofNevada,Reno,whohavebeenaconstantsourceofinspiration. xi In Biopesticides: State of the Art and Future Opportunities; Coats, et al.; AaronD.Gross DepartmentofEntomology IowaStateUniversityofScienceandTechnology Ames,Iowa50011U.S.A. Currentaddress: EmergingPathogensInstitute DepartmentofEntomologyandNematology P.O.BOX100009 UniversityofFlorida Gainesville,Florida32610U.S.A. Joel R. Coats DepartmentofEntomology 116InsectaryBuilding IowaStateUniversityofScienceandTechnology Ames, Iowa50011U.S.A. StephenO.Duke U.S.DepartmentofAgriculture AgriculturalResearchService NaturalProductUtilizationResearchUnit ThadCochranResearchCenter University,Mississippi38677U.S.A. JamesN.Seiber DepartmentofEnvironmentalToxicology UniversityofCalifornia,Davis OneShieldsAvenue Davis,California95616U.S.A xii In Biopesticides: State of the Art and Future Opportunities; Coats, et al.; Editors’ Biographies Aaron D. Gross Aaron D. Gross (Ph.D., Iowa State University) is currently a Postdoctoral Associate at the Emerging Pathogens Institute at the University of Florida. He graduated from Iowa State University of Science and Technology, Ames, IA, in 2014 with a Ph.D. in Toxicology, and minors in Entomology and Neuroscience. His main research interests are in agrochemical discovery, and in understanding the biochemical and neurophysiological mechanism of action of both naturally occurringandsyntheticpesticides. Joel R. Coats Joel R. Coats (Ph.D., University of Illinois) is the Charles F. Curtiss Distinguished Professor of Entomology and Toxicology in the Department of EntomologyatIowaStateUniversityofScienceandTechnology,Ames,IA.His research focuses on natural products as insecticides and repellents, as well as the environmental fate and effect of agrochemicals. He has mentored a total of 44 graduate students who received advanced degrees in his laboratory. He has published 144 refereed journal articles, 42 book chapters, 7 review articles, and 11books;healsoholds9patents. HeisafellowoftheAAAS,theESA,andthe AGRODivisionofACS. Stephen O. Duke StephenO.Duke(Ph.D.,DukeUniversity)isResearchLeaderoftheNatural Products Utilization Research Unit of the U.S. Department of Agriculture in Oxford, Mississippi. Most of his research is on discovery and development of natural product-based pest management products. He is Chair of the AgrochemicalsDivision(AGRO)ofACSandhasauthoredorco-authoredmore than400journalarticlesandbookchapters,editedorco-edited7previousbooks, and co-authored one book. His honors include Fellow of AAAS, AGRO, and the Weed Science Society of America and an Honorary Doctorate from the UniversityoftheBasqueCountry(Bilbao,Spain). HeisEditor-in-ChiefofPest ManagementScience. ©2014AmericanChemicalSociety In Biopesticides: State of the Art and Future Opportunities; Coats, et al.; James N. Seiber JamesN.Seiber(Ph.D.,Chemistry,UtahStateUniversity)isEditor-in-Chief of the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, and Professor Emeritus of Environmental Toxicology at the University of California, Davis. He is past DirectoroftheWesternRegionalResearchCenter,USDAAgriculturalResearch ServiceinAlbany,CA,andpastDirectoroftheCenterforEnvironmentalSciences and Engineering at the University of Nevada, Reno. He and his students have publishedover300researchmanuscripts,books,andbookchapters,primarilyin theareasofpesticideandenvironmentalcontaminanttransportandfate,analytical methoddevelopment,andchemicalecologyandfoodsafety. HeispastChairof theACSDivisionofAgrochemicals,andisaFellowofACSandAAAS. 282 In Biopesticides: State of the Art and Future Opportunities; Coats, et al.; Chapter 1 Biopesticide Oversight and Registration at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency John Leahy, Mike Mendelsohn,* John Kough, Russell Jones, and Nicole Berckes EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,BiopesticidesandPollutionPrevention Division(7511P),1200PennsylvaniaAvenue,Washington,DC20460 *E-mail: [email protected]. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is committed to encouraging the development and use of biopesticides and considers them inherently reduced-risk pesticides. Biopesticides (microbial pesticides, biochemical pesticides, andplant-incorporatedprotectants)arerequiredtobeevaluated byEPA.TheAgencymustmakefindingsof“nounreasonable adverse effects” to man and the environment to support its registration decision to permit sale and distribution under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), aswellasa“reasonablecertaintyofnoharm”undertheFederal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) to permit residues in food and/or feed. This chapter will review areas including how EPA views the benefits of biopesticides, related laws and legal requirements, biopesticide registration, and biopesticide data requirements. EPA’s commitment to low risk biological pesticides as alternatives to conventional chemical pesticides willalsobeemphasized. What are Biopesticides? Biopesticides, also known as biological pesticides, are pesticides derived from natural materials such as animals, plants, bacteria, and certain minerals. Typically,biopesticideshaveuniquemodesofactionandareconsideredreduced riskpesticides. Biopesticidesfallintothreemajorclasses: NotsubjecttoU.S.Copyright. Published2014byAmericanChemicalSociety In Biopesticides: State of the Art and Future Opportunities; Coats, et al.;
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