Biomineralization and Biological Metal Accumulation: Biological and Geological Perspectives Papers presented at the Fourth International Symposium on Biomineralization, Renesse, The Netherlands, June 2–5, 1982

509 Pages·1982·41.218 MB·English

by  P. Westbroek (auth.), P. Westbroek, E. W. de Jong (eds.)

Biomineralization
and Biological Metal
Accumulation
Biological and Geological Perspectives
·B iomineralization
and Biological Metal
Accumulation
Biological and Geological Perspectives
Papers presented at the Fourth International Symposium
on Biomineralization, Renesse, The Netherlands, June 2-5, 1982
edited by
P. WESTBROEK
and
E. W. DE JONG
Department of Biochemistry, State University of Leiden, The Netherlands
D. REIDEL PUBLISHING COMPANY
Dordrecht, Holland / Boston, U.S.A. / London, England
library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
International Symposium on Biomineralization
(4th: 1982 : Renesse, Netherlands)
Biomineralization and biological metal accumulation.
Includes index.
1. Biomineralization-Congresses. 2. Mineral cycle (Bio
geochemistry)-Congresses. I. Westbroek, P. (Pieter), 1937-
II. De Jong, E. W. (Elizabeth Wijnanda), 1946- III. Title.
QH512.I566 1982 574.19'214 82-20416
ISBN-13: 978-94-009-7946-8 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-009-7944-4
DOl: 10.1007/978-94-009-7944-4
Published by D. Reidel Publishing Company,
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Copyright © 1983 by D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, Holland
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface ix
P. WESTBROEK / Introduction: Biological Metal Accumulation and
Biomineralization in a Geological Perspective
Part I. GLOBAL CYCLING AND BIOMINERALIZATION
J.E. LOVELOCK / Gaia as seen Through the Atmosphere 15
L. MARGULIS and J.F. STOLZ / Microbial Systematics and a Gaian
View of the Sediments 27
J.F. STOLZ / Fine Structure of the Stratified Microbial Community
at Laguna Figueroa, Baja California, Mexico. 55
M. WHITFIELD and A.J. WATSON / The Influence of Biomineralization
on the Composition of Seawater 57
R.M. GARRELS and R.A. BERNER / The Global Carbonate-Silicate
Sedimentary System - Some Feedback Relations 73
Y. KITANO / Calcification and Atmospheric C02 89
S.E. CAMPBELL / The Modern Distribution and Geological History
of Calcium Carbonate Boring Microorganisms 99
Part II. ASPECTS OF CALCIFICATION
A.L. LEHNINGER / The possible Role of Mitochondria and
Phosphocitrate in Biological Calcification 107
R.H. KRETSINGER / A Comparison of the Roles of Calcium in
Biomineralization and in Cytosolic Signalling 123
J. JOOSSE / Hormonal Regulation of Calcification, with Particular
Reference to the Hormonal Control of Eggs~ell Formation
in Birds and Shell Growth in Molluscs 133
A. DODERER / Partial Purification of a Hormone Dependent
Calcium-Binding Protein from the Mantle Edge of the
Snail Lymnaea Stagnalis 145
vi T ABLE OF CONTENTS
N.D. de WITH, G.J. van der WILT and R.C. van der SCHORS I
Studies on the Constancy of the Value of the Ionic
Product Ca2+ x C032- in the Haemolymph of the
Freshwater Snail Lymnaea Stagnalis 149
G.H. NANCOLLAS, K. SAWADA and E. SCHUTTRINGER I Mineralization
Reactions Involving Calcium Carbonates and Phosphates 155
S. MANN, S.B. PARKER, C.C. PERRY, M.D. ROSS, A.J. SKARNULIS and
R.J.P. WILLIAMS I Problems in the Understanding of
Biominerals 171
S.B. PARKER, S. MANN, M.D. ROSS, A.J. SKARNULIS and R.J.P. WILLIAMS
I A High Resolution Electron Microscopy Study of the
Balance Organs of the Inner Ear 185
H.A. LOWENSTAM and S. WEINER I Mineralization by Organisms and
the Evolution of Biomineralization 191
S. WEINER, W. TRAUB and H.A. LOWENSTAM I Organic Matrix in
Calcified Exoskeletons 205
H. NAKAHARA I Calcification of Gastropod Nacre 225
G. KRAMPITZ, H. DROLSHAGEN, J. HKUSLE and K. HOF-IID1SCHER
Organic Matrices of Mollusc Shells 231
P. WESTBROEK, J. TANKE-VISSER, J.P.M. de VRIND, R. SPUY,
W. van der POL and E.W. de JONG I Immunological
Studies on Macromolecules from Invertebrate Shells-
Recent and Fossil 249
J.P. KELLER and Y. DAUPHIN I Methodological Aspects of the
Ultrastructural Analysis of the Organic and Mineral
Components in Mollusc Shells 255
I. KOBAYASHI, K. MANO, F. ISOGAI and M. OMORI I Biomineral
Formation of Gastropods, in Comparison with That of
Pelecypods 261
H. MUTVEI I Ultrastructural Evolution of Molluscan Nacre 267
A. VEIS and B. SABSAY I Bone and Tooth Formation. Insights into
Mineralization Strategies 273
C.S. SIKES and A.P. WHEELER I A Systematic Approach to Some
Fundamental Questions of Carbonate Calcification 285
E.W. de JONG, P. van der WAL, A.H. BOill1AN, J.P.M. de VRIND,
P. van EMBURG, P. WESTBROEK and L. BOSCH I
Calcification in Coccolithophorids 291
A.H. BO~AN, E.W. de JONG, M. HUIZINGA and P. WESTBROEK I
Inhibition of CaC03 Precipitation by a Polysaccharide
Associated with Coccoliths of Emiliania Huxleyi 303
J. EREZ I Calcification Rates, Photosynthesis and Light in
Planktonic Foraminifera 307
S. GOLUBIC I Stromatolites, Fossil and Recent: A Case History 313
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
J.J. BOON and J.W. de LEEUW / Early Stromatolite Lithification
- Organic Chemical Aspects 327
Y. KOZAWA and M. TATEISHI / The Role of Enamel Tubule and the
Evolution of Mammalian Enamel 335
L.J.M.J. BLOMEN and O.L.M. BIJVOET / Urinary Stone Formation as
a Biomineralization Process 341
H.E. BODDE and J. ARENDS / The Influence of an Intense Fluoride
Pretreatment on Remineralization of Enamel Lesions 347
J.M. DEAN, C.A. WILSON, P.W. HAAKE and D.W. BECKMAN /
Microstructural Features of Teleost Otoliths 353
Part III. BIOLOGICAL ACCUMULATION OF METALS OTHER
THAN CALCIUM
K. SIMKISS / Trace Elements as Probes of Biomineralization 363
M. TAYLOR, G.N. GREAVES and K. SIMKISS / Structure of Granules
in Helix Aspersa by EXAPS and other Physical Techniques 373
A.Z. MASON /Applications of Microincineration in Localising
Biomineralized Inorganic Deposits in Sectioned Tissues 379
B.E. VOLCANI/Aspects of Silicification in Biological Systems 389
S. MANN and R.J.P. WILLIAMS / High Resolution Electron Microscopy
Studies of the Silica Lorica in the Choanoflagellate
Stephanoeca Diplocostata Ellis 407
J. WEBB / A Bioinorganic View of the Biological Mineralization
of Iron 413
J. WEBB and D.C. MACEY / Plasma Ferritin in Polyplacophora and
its possible Role in the Biomineralization of Iron 423
M. VA~AK and J.H.R. KXGI / Mammalian Metallothionein:
Evidence for Metal Thiolate Clusters 429
S. SILVER / Bacterial Interactions with Mineral Cations and
Anions: Good Ions and Bad 439
K.H. NEALSON / Microbial Oxidation and Reduction of Manganese
and Iron 459
D.J. BURDIGE, P.E. KEPKAY and K.H. NEALSON I An In Situ Method
for Determining Microbial Manganese Oxidation Rates
in Sediments 481
J.P. COYiEN I Fe and Mn Depositing Bacteria in Marine Suspended
Macro-Particulates 489
B. DEXTER-DYER GROSOVSKY / Microbial Role in Fitwatersrand
Gold Deposition 495
J.A. BRIERLEY and C.L. BRIERLEY / Biological Accumulation of Some
Heavy Metals - Biotechnological Applications 499
viii T ABLE OF CONTENTS
C.l.F. BOTTCHER / Closing Remarks 511
List of Participants and Contributors 515
Subject Index 523
PREFACE
Biominerals are generated by the subtle interaction of biological
organization and mineral growth. They belong both to the living and
the inanimate world and as such their genesis is among the most intri
guing and fundamental subjects in science. However, the conceptual and
technical resources that are available in physical chemistry and in the
biological sciences is often inadequate for the elucidation of the pro
blems involved, and hence this field is particularly difficult to ex
plore. This may be an important reason why fundamental research on bio
mineralization mechanisms has traditionally been carried out by a com
paratively small group of scientists.
There are signs, however, that the situation is ripe for a change.
Various meetings on biomineralization have been organized in the last
few years, particularly in the medical sector. It is generally felt
that further developments in the therapy of bone and tooth diseases
will be largely dependent on an improved understanding of the fundamen
tal underlying mechanisms of biomineralization.
In geology and ecology there is also a growing interest in this
field. A large variety of minerals are now known to be formed and
accumulated by biological systems. Several of these mechanisms are
operating at an immense scale. They contribute enormously to the gene
sis of many sedimentary rocks and are likely to have a significant
impact on the cycling of materials through the outer layers of the
Earth. There is, therefore, a growing appreciation of the value that
biochemical studies on biomineralization will have for the understand
ing of important geological processes, such as the genesis of lime
stones and of sedimentary ores.
A third important and vary new aspect of these studies on biolo
gical systems that are capable of metal accumulation, is that they
may become exploited technologically, e.g. in the retrieval of heavy
metals from dilute solutions, or the management of metal fluxes in the
environment. There is therefore, even reason to believe that in the
future biomineralization research will come to the forefront of the
natural sciences as a fascinating interdisciplinary field where a wide
spectrum of biological, medical, geological and technological efforts
will be integrated.
ix
P. Westbroek and E. W. de long (eds.), Biomineralization and Biological Metal Accumulation, ix-xi.
Copyright e 1983 by D. Reidel Publishing Company.
x PREFACE
The meeting which is reported in the present volume had this
integration as one of its major objectives. From the 2nd to the 4th
June 1982, an unusual amalgam of some 70 outstanding scientists with
widely different backgrounds settled in the pleasant seclusion of
Ren~sse, a holiday resort on the Dutch coast. Among them were bio
chemists, microbiologists, bone and tooth physiologists, specialists
on calcification in invertebrates and plants, bioinorganic and physical
chemists, geochemists, paleontologists, geologists, oceanographers,
atmospheric scientists and environmental biotechnologists. Traditional
lines of demarcation between these fields seemed to vanish during the
meeting as the participants discovered their common interests in heated
debates. After the formal gathering a smaller party visited the Ardenne
Mountains where Professor Claude Monty (university of Liege, Belgium)
convincingly demonstrated the involvement of microorganisms in the
genesis of numerous mounts of limestone mud of Upper Devonian age.
We had deliberately announced this meeting as the Fourth Interna
tional Symposium on Biomineralization, because we wished to give a
continuation to the excellent tradition set forth by three earlier
symposia in this series: the first being held in Mainz (Federal Repu
blic of Germany) in 1970, the second in Georgetown (South Carolina,
U.S.A.) in 1974 and the third in Kashikojima (Japan) in 1977. On these
occasions workers on calcium carbonate skeletons in invertebrates and
plants were given an opportunity to interact. The Biomineralization
Newsletter, skilfully edited by Professor K. Simkiss in Reading, is
another outcome of these earlier initiatives. As a consequence, the
biosynthesis of calcium carbonate skeletons was also the most central
issue in this conference. Although a limited number of contributions
on bone, tooth and renal stone formation were presented, a full scale
interaction with the medical disciplines was avoided at this stage,
since we hope that this will form the basis of a separate subsequent
meeting.
Instead we have given special emphasis to the contributions of the
geological aspects of biomineralization research. This combined ele
gantly with a section on the biological accumulation of metals other
than" calcium, including some systems that lead to other types of mine
ral formation. The geological implications of some of these mechanisms
were clearly highlighted at this meeting and a discussion was held on
biotechnological perspectives for environmental management and heavy
metal retrieval.
The overall "impression was that the interdisciplinary approach
advocated in this meeting is a most promising avenue for further
research. But it was also realized that we are at the beginning of a
long and laborious process of integration. All too often more perti
nent questions were raised than could be answered.
We are especially indebted to Professor Lynn Margulis (Boston
University, U.S.A.) for her generous and enthusiastic support. Without
her intervention and the help of Drs. Ken Nealson and John Stoltz this
meeting would not have taken place. Professor C.J.F. Bottcher, Emeritus
from the University of Leiden, not only gave us the self-confidence
to carry out this experiment by many enoouraging discussions, but also
used his influence to obtain financial support and contributed in the
PREFACE xi
evaluation of the results. Professors L. Bosch and A. Brouwer (Univer
sity of Leiden, The Netherlands) gave valuable suggestions and saved
us from many mistakes. Professor K. Simkiss reviewed some of the
papers in this book, he and Professor R.H. Kretsinger gave some very
useful ideas. Professor J.E. Van Hinte (Free University, Amsterdam,
The Netherlands) paved the road for indispensable financial support.
Margriet Nip and Ineke Boogaard generously helped in the preparations
and the organization of this symposium, as did Ton Borman and Paul Van
der Wal. The committee of recommendation consisted of Professors L.
Bosch, C.J.F. Bottcher, A. Brouwer, J.E. Van Hinte, J. Joosse, J.
Lever, J. Reedijk and A.W. Schwartz.
The symposium could take place under the auspices of the Royal
Netherlands Academy of Sciences and Arts, thanks to the intervention
of the "Commissie voor de Geologische Wetenschappen" (secretary: Dr.
H.J.W.G. Schalke). Financial support was obtained from NASA head
quarters, Washington (U.S.A.); the Leiden University Fund; The Minis
try of Sciences and Education of the Netherlands (this grant was ob
tained through the intervention of the Royal Netherlands Academy of
Sciences and Arts); Shell Research Centre in Sittingbourne (England);
Billiton International Metals bv, The Hague (The Netherlands); and the
Departments of Biochemistry and Geology, State University of Leiden
(The Netherlands).
P. Westbroek
E.W. De Jong