Biomimetics: Advancing Nanobiomaterials and Tissue Engineering

373 Pages·2013·6.596 MB·English

by  Murugan Ramalingam, Xiumei Wang, Guoping Chen, Peter Ma, Fu‐Zhai Cui

Biomimetics
Scrivener Publishing
100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J
Beverly, MA 01915-6106
Biomedical Science, Engineering, and Technology
The book series seeks to compile all the aspects of biomedi-
cal science, engineering and technology from fundamental
principles to current advances in translational medicine. It
covers a wide range of the most important topics including,
but not limited to, biomedical materials, biodevices and biosys-
tems, bioengineering, micro and nanotechnology, biotechnology,
biomolecules, bioimaging, cell technology, stem cell engineering
and biology, gene therapy, drug delivery, tissue engineering and
regeneration, and clinical medicine.
Series Editor: Murugan Ramalingam,
Centre for Stem Cell Research
Christian Medical College
Bagayam Campus
Vellore-632002, Tamilnadu, India
E-mail: [email protected]
Publishers at Scrivener
Martin Scrivener ([email protected])
Phillip Carmical ([email protected])
Biomimetics
Advancing Nanobiomaterials and Tissue
Engineering
Edited by
Murugan Ramalingam, Xiumei Wang,
Guoping Chen, Peter Ma, and Fu-Zhai Cui
Copyright © 2013 by Scrivener Publishing LLC. All rights reserved.
Co-published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, New Jersey, and Scrivener Publishing
LLC, Salem, Massachusetts.
Published simultaneously in Canada.
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Cover design by Russell Richardson
Library of Congr ess Cataloging-in-Publication Data:
ISBN 978-1-118-46962-0
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
List of Contributors xvii
Preface xxv
Acknowledgements xxvii
1 Biomimetic Polysaccharides and Derivatives for Cartilage
Tissue Regeneration 1
Ferdous Khan and Sheikh Rafi Ahmad
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 Strategies for Cartilage Tissue Engineering 3
1.3 Designing Scaffold for Cartilage Tissue Engineering 4
1.4 Natural Polysaccharides for Cartilage
Tissue Engineering 8
1.4.1 Chitin and Chitosan (CS)-based Materials 8
1.4.2 HA-based Materials 11
1.4.3 Alginate-based Materials 12
1.4.4 Starch-based Materials 14
1.4.5 Cellulose-based Materials 15
1.5 Conclusions and Remarks on Prospects 17
References 18
2 Biomimetic Synthesis of Self-Assembled
Mineralized Collagen-Based Composites for Bone
Tissue Engineering 23
Xiumei Wang, Zhixu Liu and Fuzhai Cui
2.1 Introduction 24
2.2 Hierarchical Assembly of Mineralized Collagen
Fibrils in Natural Bone 25
2.2.1 Panorama of Natural Bone 25
2.2.1.1 Chemical Composition of Bone 25
v
vi Contents
2.2.1.2 Hierarchical Organization of Natural
Human Bone 26
2.2.2 Self-Assembly of Mineralized Collagen
Fibrils in Nature 27
2.2.2.1 Collagen and Collagen Fibrils Array 27
2.2.2.2 Structural Organization of Mineralized
Collagen Fibrils 28
2.2.2.3 Examples of Mineralized Collagen
Fibrils in Natural Tissues 30
2.3 Biomimetic Synthesis of Self-Assembled
Mineralized Fibrils 34
2.3.1 In Vitro Self-Assembly of Mineralized
Collagen Fibrils 34
2.3.2 In Vitro Self-Assembly of Mineralized
Recombinant Collagen Fibrils 37
2.3.3 In Vitro Self-Assembly of Mineralized
Silk Fibroin Fibrils 38
2.3.4 In Vitro Self-Assembly of Mineralized
Peptide-Amphiphilic Nanofi bers 39
2.4 Applications of Mineralized Collagen-based
Composites for Bone Regeneration 40
2.4.1 Fabrication of Nano-HA/Collagen-based
Composites 40
2.4.1.1 Three-Dimensional Biomimetic Bone
Scaffolds: Nano-HA/Collagen/PLA
Composite (nHAC/PLA) 40
2.4.1.2 Injectable Bone Cement: Nano-HA/
Collagen/Calcium Sulfate
Hemihydrate (nHAC/CSH) 41
2.4.2 Functional Improvements of Mineralized
Collagen-based Composites 42
2.4.3 Examples of Animal Models and
Clinical Applications 43
2.5 Concluding Remarks 44
References 45
Contents vii
3 Biomimetic Mineralization of Hydrogel Biomaterials
for Bone Tissue Engineering 51
Timothy E.L. Douglas, Elzbieta Pamula and
Sander C.G. Leeuwenburgh
3.1 Introduction 51
3.2 Incorporation of Inorganic Calcium Phosphate
Nanoparticles into Hydrogels 52
3.2.1 Inorganic Nanoparticles 53
3.2.2 Hydrogel Composites Based on Natural
Polymer Matrices 53
3.2.3 Hydrogel Composites Based on Synthetic
Polymer Matrices 55
3.3 Biomimetic Mineralization in Calcium and/or
Phosphate-Containing Solutions 56
3.3.1 Soaking in Solutions Containing Calcium
and Phosphate Ions 56
3.3.2 In Situ Synthesis of Hydroxyapatite 57
3.4 Enzymatically-Induced Mineralization Using
Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) 58
3.4.1 ALP-Induced Hydrogel Mineralization for
Fundamental Research 58
3.4.2 Enyzmatic Mineralization for Bone
Regeneration Applications 59
3.4.3 ALP Entrapment 60
3.5 Enhancement of Hydrogel Mineralization
Using Biomacromolecules 60
3.5.1 Systems to Test Mineralization-Inducing
Potential of Biomacromolecules 60
3.5.2 Biomacromolecule-Enhanced Mineralization
for Bone Regeneration Applications 61
3.6 Conclusions 62
References 63
4 Biomimetic Nanofi brous Scaffolds for Bone
Tissue Engineering Applications 69
Robert J. Kane and Peter X. Ma
4.1 Bone Tissue Engineering and Scaffold Design 69
4.1.1 Biomimetic Bone Tissue Engineering Scaffolds 71
viii Contents
4.2 Self-Assembled Nanofi ber Scaffolds 73
4.2.1 Fabrication and Physical Properties 73
4.2.2 Biological Properties of PA Scaffolds 74
4.2.3 Conclusions 75
4.3 Electrospun Scaffolds 75
4.3.1 Fabrication and Physical Properties 75
4.3.2 Biological Behavior of Electrospun Scaffolds 78
4.3.3 Conclusions 79
4.4 Thermally Induced Phase Separation (TIPS) Scaffolds 80
4.4.1 Fabrication and Physical Properties 80
4.4.2 Biological Behavior of TIPS Scaffolds 81
4.4.3 Conclusions 83
4.5 Overall Trends in Biomimetic Scaffold Design 84
References 85
5 Bioactive Polymers and Nanobiomaterials
Composites for Bone Tissue Engineering 91
Ferdous Khan and Sheikh Rafi Ahmad
5.1 Introduction 92
5.2 Design and Fabrication of Biomimetic 3D
Polymer-Nanocomposites Scaffolds 93
5.2.1 Solvent Casting and Particulate Leaching 94
5.2.2 Melt Molding 94
5.2.3 Gas-Foaming Processes 95
5.2.4 Electrostatic Spinning 96
5.2.5 Microsphere Sintering 96
5.2.6 Rapid Prototyping 96
5.3 Nonbiodegradable Polymer and Nanocomposites 96
5.3.1 Polyethylene Nanocomposites 98
5.3.2 Polyamides Nanocomposites 99
5.3.3 Poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK)
Nanocomposites 100
5.3.4 Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)
Nanocomposites 101
5.4 Biodegradable Polymer and Nanocomposites 102
5.4.1 Synthetic Biodegradable Polymers and
Nanocomposites 103
5.4.1.1 Poly(Lactic Acid) Nanocomposites 103
Contents ix
ε
5.4.1.2 Poly( -caprolactone) (PCL)
Nanocomposites 107
5.4.1.3 Polyglycolide and Poly(lactide-co-
glycolide) Nanocomposites 108
5.4.2 Natural Polysaccharide Nanocomposites 109
5.4.2.1 Chitin and Chitosan and Their
Nanocomposites 109
5.4.2.2 Starch Nanocomposites 111
5.4.2.3 Cellulose Nanocomposites 111
5.5 Conclusions and Future Remarks 112
References 113
6 Strategy for a Biomimetic Paradigm in Dental
and Craniofacial Tissue Engineering 119
Mona K. Marei, Naglaa B. Nagy, Mona S. Saad,
Samer H. Zaky, Rania M. Elbackly,
Ahmad M. Eweida and Mohamed A. Alkhodary
6.1 Introduction 120
6.2 Biomimetics: Definition and Historical Background 121
6.2.1 Defi nition 121
6.2.2 Concept of Duplicating Nature 122
6.2.3 Strategies to Achieve Biomimetic Engineering 122
6.2.3.1 Physical Properties 124
6.2.3.2 Specifi c Chemical Signals from Peptide
Epitopes Contained in a Wide Variety
of Extracelluar Matrix Molecules 124
6.2.3.3 The Hierarchal Nanoscale Topography
of Microenvironmental Adhesive Sites 125
6.3 Developmental Biology in Dental and Craniofacial
Tissue Engineering: Biomimetics in Development
and Growth (e.g. model of wound healing) 127
6.4 The Paradigm Shift in Tissue Engineering:
Biomimetic Approaches to Stimulate Endogenous
Repair and Regeneration 132
6.4.1 Harnessing Endogenous Repair via
Mesenchymal Stem Cells 132
6.4.2 Infl ammation, Angiogenesis and
Tissue Repair 134
x Contents
6.4.3 Biomimetic Model of Nature’s Response
to Injury? 135
6.5 Extracellular Matrix Nano-Biomimetics for
Craniofacial Tissue Engineering 136
6.5.1 Nanotechnology for Biomimetic Substrates 137
6.5.2 From Macro to Nano: Dentin-Pulp
Organ Perspective 137
6.5.3 Nanotechnology for Engineering Craniofacial
Mineralized Collagenous Structures 139
6.6 Biomimetic Surfaces, Implications for Dental and
Craniofacial Regeneration; Biomaterial as
Instructive Microenvironments 140
6.6.1 Biology of Osseointegration 141
6.6.2 Implant Surface Modifi cation: Laser
Micromachining and Biomimetic Coating 142
6.7 Angiogenesis, Vasculogenesis, and Inosculation for
Life-Sustained Regenerative Therapy; The Platform
for Biomimicry in Dental and Craniofacial
Tissue Engineering 143
6.7.1 Vascularization to Reach Biomimicry;
A Prerequisite for Life Sustained
Regeneration 143
6.7.2 Patterns of Construct Vascularization 144
6.7.2.1 Angiogenesis 144
6.7.2.2 Vasculogenesis 145
6.7.2.3 Inosculation 146
6.7.3 Biomimicry to Reach Vascularization;
Simulating a Vascularizing Milieu 147
6.7.3.1 Scaffold Properties 147
6.7.3.2 Growth Factor Incorporation 147
6.7.3.3 Coculture Techniques 148
6.7.3.4 Creating Vascular Patterns 148
6.7.3.5 Back to Nature 149
6.8 Conclusion 149
Acknowledgements 150
References 150