Biomimetic Materials and Design - A. Dillow, A. Lowman (Marcel Dekker, 2002) WW

669 Pages·2002·10.83 MB·English

Marcel Dekker, Inc.
New York • Basel

TM

Biomimetic Materials
and Design

Biointerfacial Strategies, Tissue Engineering,
and Targeted Drug Delivery

edited by
Angela K. Dillow
3M Corporation
St. Paul, Minnesota
Anthony M. Lowman
Drexel University
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Copyright © 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

© 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc.

ISBN: 0-8247-0791-5

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© 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc.

Preface

Biomaterials science has evolved significantly since its birth little more than
a quarter century ago. Biomaterials were originally designated to be any
material that might provide structural and mechanical integrity in the body
and when used in life-threatening situations. Polymers developed commer-
cially for industrial applications were often utilized based on desirable
physical properties including toughness and elasticity. Once biomaterials as
a field emerged in the mid-1970s, new generations of biomaterials were
designed with their medical use in mind. Biocompatibility—the ability to
reside in the body without producing significant immune responses or
toxicity issues—became the focus of the rational decision for materials to be
used within the body. Biodegradable polymers also became (and still are) a
focus of much research in the area of biomaterials science. Using
biodegradable materials, the goal is to produce polymers with appropriate
mechanical properties that degrade in a predictable manner in the body,
leaving no toxic by-products.
We are currently in the embryonic stage of a new era of biomaterials
research. Today we strive to produce biomaterials that interact with targets
within the body or mimic tissue architecture. To design interactive
biomaterials, or ‘‘biomimetic’’ materials, effectively, we look to nature to
understand how cells interact with other cells, extracellular proteins, and
tissue. ‘‘Biomimetic’’ is a term that has traditionally been applied to ‘‘hard’’
biomaterials, but biointerfacial scientists have adopted the terminology for
‘‘soft’’ biomaterials as well. Biomimetic strategies for rational design of
functional, interactive biomaterials include biodegradable and ‘‘smart’’

© 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc.

materials used in targeted drug delivery applications and tissue engineering,
as well as modification of biomaterials surfaces for implant or wound-
healing applications.
Biomimetic materials are intended to elicit specific responses (adhe-
sion, signaling, stimulation) in the body by incorporating peptides, nucleic
acids, growth factors, cell surface receptors, or any active biomolecules as
binding sites. True to the spirit of biomaterials science, engineers, materials
scientists, chemists, molecular biologists, and medical professionals must
work in close collaboration for successful design of effective biomimetic
materials. First, the fundamental mechanisms of molecular biology must be
understood. The transition from understanding a natural system to
producing a synthetic biomimetic material involves a tremendous amount
of research and understanding of how these fabricated materials function
when compared to their natural analogs. We must understand how to
incorporate the biomolecules into our biomaterial while maintaining a
‘‘natural’’ or recognizable binding site when placed in contact with the
body. This work involves understanding how to control biomolecule
activity
by
density,
spatial
arrangement,
orientation,
3-dimensional
configuration, presentation, and the chemical environment. Finally, this
information must be combined with methods of synthesizing the biomaterial
with these functional and appropriately located, oriented, and active
molecules.
This book presents various strategies for successful design of
biomimetic materials. Because so many areas must be researched and
understood before the successful application of biomimetic materials, we
have compiled the research and teachings of the leading drivers of this field
of technology. The book is divided into three main parts, ‘‘Interfacial
Strategies,’’ ‘‘Tissue Engineering,’’ and ‘‘Targeted Drug Delivery,’’ repre-
senting three significant directions in the research. While each part contains
contributions specific to a particular area, many of the chapters of this text
are relevant not only to the three core areas described in this book, but also
to the field of biomimetics as a whole.
In the first part of the book, ‘‘Interfacial Strategies,’’ we examine
structure–function relationships of biomimetic materials. In these chapters,
experimental and theoretical strategies are explored for the rational design
of new biomimetic materials. The work in this section focuses on the
incorporation of active biomolecules into thin films and coatings, including
self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) and Langmuir-Blodgett membranes,
and evaluating their ability to elicit a particular response from a target cell
or tissue. At the interface, we can closely examine how biomolecule
chemistry, concentration, orientation, presentation, and density affect the
activity of the biomimetic surface. This section places emphasis on the

© 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc.

combination synthetic biomaterials with minimal peptide sequences that
target specific cellular receptors to create novel ‘‘biomimetic’’ materials that
may be used in tissue engineering and drug delivery applications.
The second part of the book focuses on biomimetic materials for use in
tissue
engineering.
Specifically,
this
part
includes
a
wide
range
of
contributions that discuss current topics relevant to biomaterials scientists
working in this area. The first focus of this section is the engineering of
degradable and nondegradable polymeric scaffolds for tissue engineering.
One emphasis of these contributions is strategies for continued development
of synthetic and biological materials with improved properties in vivo.
Included in these strategies is the use of hybrid materials consisting of
synthetic and natural molecules that ‘‘signal’’ natural tissue in order to
stimulate the desired response. A second emphasis of this part is a discussion
of methods for application of biomaterials for neural tissue engineering.
The final part of the book focuses on methods for the synthesis and
characterization
of
biomimetic
materials
for
targeted
drug
delivery
applications. A major emphasis is the design of ‘‘smart’’ biomaterials that
have the ability to turn on or off depending on the physiological
environment. Approaches for the design of such materials discussed here
include micropatterning of biomaterials, as well as the synthesis of
conjugates consisting of natural and synthetic materials. Other topics
covered in this section include methods for improved drug delivery at the
biomaterial/tissue interface and design of biological materials for site-
specific delivery.

Angela K. Dillow
Anthony M. Lowman

© 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc.

Contents

Preface
Contributors

I.
Biointerfacial Strategies

1.
Use of Supported Thin Films of Peptide Amphiphiles as
Model Systems of the Extracellular Matrix to Study the
Effects of Structure–Function Phenomena on Cell Adhesion
Sarah E. Ochsenhirt, Matthew Tirrell, Gregg B. Fields, and
Angela K. Dillow

2.
Engineering of Integrin-Specific Biomimetic Surfaces to
Control Cell Adhesion and Function
Andre´s J. Garcı´a, David M. Collard, Benjamin G. Keselowsky,
Sarah M. Cutler, Nathan D. Gallant, Benjamin A. Byers, and
Sean N. Stephansson

3.
Mimetic Peptide-Modified Materials for Control of Cell
Differentiation
Gregory M. Harbers, Thomas A. Barber, Ranee A. Stile,
Dale R. Sumner, and Kevin E. Healy

4.
Effects of Substratum Topography on Cell Behavior
George A. Abrams, Ana I. Teixeira, Paul F. Nealey, and
Christopher J. Murphy

© 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc.

5.
Cytomimetic Biomaterials: Fabrication, Characterization, and
Applications
Xue-Long Sun, Keith M. Faucher, and Elliot L. Chaikof

6.
Micro- and Nanoscale Organizations of Proteins Modulate
Cell-Extracellular Matrix Interactions: Lessons for the Design
of Biomaterials
Jeffrey D. Carbeck and Jean E. Schwarzbauer

7.
Cell Adhesion–Dependent Signaling Pathways on
Biomaterials Surfaces
Andrea L. Koenig and David W. Grainger

II.
Tissue Engineering

8.
Biomaterials: Synthetic and Engineering Strategies
Scott M. Cannizzaro and Robert Langer

9.
Scaffolds for Directing Cellular Responses and Tissue
Formation
Pamela K. Kreeger and Lonnie D. Shea

10.
Chitosan as a Molecular Scaffold for Biomimetic Design of
Glycopolymer Biomaterials
Howard W. T. Matthew

11.
‘‘Cell-Internalizable’’ Ligand Microinterfaces on
Biomaterials: Design of Regulatory Determinants of Cell
Migration
Jane S. Tjia and Prabhas V. Moghe

12.
Biomimetic Strategies and Applications in the Nervous
System
Jessica O. Winter and Christine E. Schmidt

13.
Tissue Engineering Strategies for Axonal Regeneration
Following Spinal Cord Injury
Xudong Cao and Molly S. Shoichet

III.
Targeted Drug Delivery

14.
Micropatterning Biomimetic Materials for Bioadhesion and
Drug Delivery
Mark E. Byrne, David B. Henthorn, Yanbin Huang, and
Nicholas A. Peppas

© 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc.

15.
Bioinspired Engineering of Intelligent Drug Delivery Systems
and Protein–Polymer Conjugates
Patrick S. Stayton, Allan S. Hoffman, Oliver W. Press, Niren
Murthy, Chantal Lackey, Charles Cheung, Tsuyoshi Shimoboji,
Zhongli Ding, Fiona Black, Jean S. Campbell, Nelson Fausto,
Themis R. Kyriakides, and Paul Bornstein

16.
Implantable Drug Delivery Devices: Design of a Biomimetic
Interfacial Drug Delivery System
Thomas D. Dziubla, Marc C. Torjman, Jeffrey I. Joseph, and
Anthony M. Lowman

17.
Pharmacologically Active Biomaterials
Kristyn S. Masters and Jennifer L. West

18.
Biomimetic Lung Surfactant Replacements
Cindy W. Wu and Annelise E. Barron

19.
Peptide Nucleic Acid (PNA) Conjugates in Biotechnology
James W. Schneider

© 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc.

Contributors

George A. Abrams, D.V.M.
Department of Surgical Sciences, School of
Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin

Thomas A. Barber, M.S.
Department of Bioengineering, University of
California–Berkeley, Berkeley, California

Annelise E. Barron, Ph.D.
Department of Chemical Engineering, North-
western University, Evanston, Illinois

Fiona Black, Ph.D.
Illumina, Inc., San Diego, California

Paul
Bornstein,
M.D.
Departments
of
Biochemistry
and
Medicine,
University of Washington, Seattle, Washington

Benjamin A. Byers
Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia

Mark E. Byrne, Ph.D.
NSF Program on Therapeutic and Diagnostic
Devices, Biomaterials and Drug Delivery Laboratories, Department of
Biomedical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue Uni-
versity, West Lafayette, Indiana

Jean S. Campbell
Department of Pathology, University of Washington,
Seattle, Washington

© 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc.

Scott
M.
Cannizzaro,
Ph.D.
Department
of
Chemical
Engineering,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts

Xudong
Cao,
Ph.D.
Center
for
Engineering
in
Medicine,
Harvard
University, Boston, Massachusetts

Jeffrey D. Carbeck, Ph.D.
Department of Chemical Engineering, Prince-
ton University, Princeton, New Jersey

Elliot L. Chaikof, M.D., Ph.D.
Department of Surgery, Emory University,
Atlanta, Georgia

Charles Cheung Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington,
Seattle, Washington

David M. Collard, Ph.D.
School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia

Sarah M. Cutler
Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience and GT/
Emory School of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology,
Atlanta, Georgia

Angela K. Dillow, Ph.D.
3M Health Care, 3M Corporation, St. Paul,
Minnesota

Zhongli
Ding,
Ph.D.
Department
of
Bioengineering,
University
of
Washington, Seattle, Washington

Thomas D. Dziubla
Department of Chemical Engineering, Drexel Uni-
versity, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Keith M. Faucher, Ph.D.
Department of Surgery, Emory University,
Atlanta, Georgia

Nelson Fausto, M.D.
Department of Pathology, University of Washing-
ton, Seattle, Washington

Gregg B. Fields
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida
Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida

Nathan D. Gallant, M.E.
Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering,
Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia

© 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc.