BioMEMS and Biomedical Nanotechnology: Volume IV: Biomolecular Sensing, Processing and Analysis

419 Pages·2007·13.74 MB·English

by  Tuan Vo-Dinh (auth.), Mauro Ferrari Ph.D., Rashid Bashir, Steve Wereley (eds.)

BioMEMS and Biomedical
Nanotechnology
Volume IV
Biomolecular Sensing, Processing and Analysis
BioMEMS and Biomedical
Nanotechnology
Mauro Ferrari, Ph.D., Editor-in-Chief
Professor,BrownInstituteofMolecularMedicineChairman
DepartmentofBiomedicalEngineering
UniversityofTexasHealthScienceCenter,Houston,TX
ProfessorofExperimentalTherapeutics
UniversityofTexasM.D.AndersonCancerCenter,Houston,TX
ProfessorofBioengineering
RiceUniversity,Houston,TX
ProfessorofBiochemistryandMolecularBiology
UniversityofTexasMedicalBranch,Galveston,TX
President,theTexasAllianceforNanoHealth
Houston,TX
Volume IV
Biomolecular Sensing, Processing and Analysis
Edited by
Rashid Bashir and Steve Wereley
PurdueUniversity,WestLafayette,IN
RashidBashir
PurdueUniversity
WestLafayette,Indiana
SteveWereley
PurdueUniversity
WestLafayette,Indiana
MauroFerrari
OhioStateUniversity
Columbus,Ohio
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VolumeIV
ISBN-10: 0-387-25566-4 e-ISBN10: 0-387-25845-0 Printedonacid-freepaper.
ISBN-13: 978-0387-25566-8 e-ISBN-13: 978-0387-25845-4
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ISBN-10: 0-387-25661-3 e-ISBN:10: 0-387-25749-7
ISBN-13: 978-0387-25561-3 e-ISBN:13: 978-0387-25749-5
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DedicatedtoRichardSmalley(1943–2005),inMemoriam
ToRick,
fatherfounderofnanotechnology
primeinspirationforitsapplicationstomedicine
graciousmentortoitsresearchers
ourlight—foreverinthetrencheswithus
(RickSmalleyreceivedthe1996ChemistryNobelPrize
fortheco-discoveryofcarbon-60buckeyballs)
Contents
ListofContributors......................................................... xv
Foreword................................................................... xix
Preface..................................................................... xxi
I. MicroandNanoscaleBiosensorsandMaterials........................... 1
1. BiosensorsandBiochips ................................................ 3
TuanVo-Dinh
1.1 Introduction......................................................... 3
1.2 Biosensors........................................................... 5
1.2.1 DifferentTypesofBioreceptors.................................. 5
1.2.2 TypesofTransducers........................................... 11
1.3 Biochips............................................................. 14
1.3.1 MicroarraySystems............................................ 14
1.3.2 IntegratedBiochipSystems..................................... 16
1.4 Conclusion.......................................................... 18
Acknowledgements...................................................................... 18
References................................................................................. 19
2. CantileverArrays ...................................................... 21
MinYue,ArunMajumdar,andThomasThundat
2.1 Introduction......................................................... 21
2.2 Theory.............................................................. 22
2.3 ReadoutTechniques.................................................. 24
2.3.1 OpticalBeamDeflectionof1DCantileverArray.................. 24
2.3.2 OpticalBeamDeflectionof2DArray............................ 24
2.3.3 PiezoresistiveCantileverArray.................................. 27
2.4 Microfluidics........................................................ 27
2.5 BiomolecularReactionAssays......................................... 28
2.5.1 DetectionofDNA.............................................. 29
2.5.2 DetectionofPSA.............................................. 30
2.6 Conclusions......................................................... 31
References................................................................................. 32
viii CONTENTS
3. AnOn-ChipArtificialPoreforMolecularSensing ....................... 35
O.A.SalehandL.L.Sohn
3.1 Introduction......................................................... 35
3.2 TheBasicDevice:FabricationandMeasurement........................ 35
3.2.1 FabricationofthePore.......................................... 36
3.2.2 PoreMeasurement............................................. 37
3.2.3 PDMS-BasedPore............................................. 40
3.3 Applications......................................................... 44
3.3.1 AnAll-ElectronicImmunoassay................................. 44
3.3.2 Summary...................................................... 50
3.3.3 SingleMoleculeDetection...................................... 51
3.4 Conclusions......................................................... 52
References................................................................................. 52
4. CellBasedSensingTechnologies ......................................... 55
CengizS.Ozkan,MihriOzkan,MoYang,XuanZhang,ShaliniPrasad,
andAndreMorgan
4.1 Overview............................................................ 55
4.2 Cell-BasedBiosensors................................................ 56
4.2.1 CellularMicroorganismBasedBiosensors........................ 57
4.2.2 FluorescenceBasedCellularBiosensors.......................... 58
4.2.3 ImpedanceBasedCellularBiosensors............................ 58
4.2.4 IntracellularPotentialBasedBiosensors.......................... 59
4.2.5 ExtracellularPotentialBasedBiosensors......................... 61
4.3 DesignandMethods.................................................. 63
4.3.1 RequirementsforCellBasedSensors ............................ 63
4.3.2 CellManipulationTechniques................................... 64
4.3.3 PrinciplesofDielectrophoresis(DEP)............................ 64
4.3.4 CellManipulationUsingDielectrophoresis(DEP)................. 66
4.3.5 CellTypesandParametersforDielectrophoreticPatterning......... 67
4.3.6 BiosensingSystem............................................. 67
4.3.7 CellCulture................................................... 68
4.3.8 ExperimentalMeasurementSystem.............................. 69
4.4 Measurements....................................................... 69
4.4.1 LongTermSignalRecordinginvivo............................. 69
4.4.2 InterpretationofBioelectricNoise............................... 73
4.4.3 InfluenceofGeometryandEnvironmentalFactors
ontheNoiseSpectrum.......................................... 74
4.4.4 SignalProcessing.............................................. 76
4.4.5 SelectionofChemicalAgents................................... 76
4.4.6 ControlExperiment............................................ 79
4.4.7 ChemicalAgentSensing........................................ 79
4.5 DiscussionandConclusion............................................ 87
References................................................................................. 89
CONTENTS ix
5. FabricationIssuesofBiomedicalMicroDevices .......................... 93
Nam-TrungNguyen
5.1 Introduction......................................................... 93
5.2 MaterialsforBiomedicalMicroDevices................................ 94
5.2.1 SiliconandGlass .............................................. 94
5.2.2 Polymers...................................................... 95
5.3 PolymericMicromachiningTechnologies............................... 97
5.3.1 Lithography................................................... 97
5.3.2 PolymericSurfaceMicromachining.............................. 100
5.3.3 ReplicationTechnologies....................................... 104
5.3.4 LaserMachining............................................... 106
5.4 PackagingofBiomedicalMicroDevices................................ 109
5.4.1 ThermalDirectBonding........................................ 109
5.4.2 AdhesiveBonding.............................................. 110
5.4.3 Interconnects.................................................. 110
5.5 BiocompatibilityofMaterialsandProcesses............................ 113
5.5.1 MaterialResponse............................................. 113
5.5.2 TissueandCellularResponse.................................... 113
5.5.3 BiocompatibilityTests.......................................... 113
5.6 Conclusions......................................................... 114
References................................................................................. 114
6. IntelligentPolymericNetworksinBiomolecularSensing .................. 117
NicholasA.PeppasandJ.ZacharyHilt
6.1 IntelligentPolymerNetworks.......................................... 118
6.1.1 Hydrogels..................................................... 119
6.1.2 EnvironmentallyResponsiveHydrogels.......................... 121
6.1.3 Temperature-SensitiveHydrogels................................ 121
6.1.4 pH-ResponsiveHydrogels ...................................... 122
6.1.5 BiohybridHydrogels........................................... 123
6.1.6 BiomolecularImprintedPolymers............................... 124
6.1.7 StarPolymerHydrogels ........................................ 125
6.2 ApplicationsofIntelligentPolymerNetworksasRecognitionElements.... 126
6.2.1 SensorApplications:IntelligentPolymerNetworksas
RecognitionMatrices........................................... 127
6.2.2 SensorApplications:IntelligentPolymerNetworksas
ActuationElements............................................ 128
6.3 Conclusions......................................................... 129
References................................................................................. 129
II. ProcessingandIntegratedSystems.........................................133
7. AMulti-FunctionalMicroTotalAnalysisSystem(µTAS)Platform ........ 135
AbrahamP.Lee,JohnCollins,andAsuncionV.Lemoff
7.1 Introduction......................................................... 135
x CONTENTS
7.2 MHDMicropumpforSampleTransportUsingMicrochannel
ParallelElectrodes.................................................... 136
7.2.1 PrincipleofOperation.......................................... 136
7.2.2 FabricationofSiliconMHDMicrofluidicPumps.................. 138
7.2.3 MeasurementSetupandResults................................. 139
7.2.4 MHDMicrofluidicSwitch...................................... 142
7.2.5 OtherMHDMicropumpsandFutureWork....................... 144
7.3 MicrochannelParallelElectrodesforSensingBiologicalFluids........... 145
7.3.1 MHDBasedFlowSensing...................................... 145
7.3.2 MHDBasedViscosityMeter.................................... 146
7.3.3 ImpedanceSensorswithMicroChannelParallelElectrodes......... 146
7.4 ParallelMicrochannelElectrodesforSamplePreparation................. 153
7.4.1 AMicrofluidicElectrostaticDNAExtractor ...................... 153
7.4.2 ChannelElectrodesforIsoelectricFocusingCombinedwith
FieldFlowFractionation........................................ 155
7.5 Summary............................................................ 156
References................................................................................. 157
8. DielectrophoreticTrapsforCellManipulation ........................... 159
JoelVoldman
8.1 Introduction......................................................... 159
8.2 TrappingPhysics..................................................... 160
8.2.1 FundamentalsofTrapDesign................................... 160
8.2.2 Dielectrophoresis.............................................. 162
8.2.3 OtherForces................................................... 169
8.3 DesignforUsewithCells............................................. 172
8.4 TrapGeometries..................................................... 175
8.4.1 n-DEPTrapGeometries........................................ 175
8.4.2 p-DEPTrapGeometries........................................ 179
8.4.3 LessonsforDEPTrapDesign................................... 179
8.5 QuantitatingTrapCharacteristics ...................................... 180
8.6 Conclusions......................................................... 182
8.7 Acknowledgements................................................... 182
References................................................................................. 183
9. BioMEMSforCellularManipulationandAnalysis ....................... 187
HaiboLi,RafaelGo´mez-Sjo¨berg,andRashidBashir
9.1 Introduction......................................................... 187
9.2 BioMEMSforCellularManipulationandSeparation..................... 188
9.2.1 Electrophoresis................................................ 189
9.2.2 Dielectrophoresis.............................................. 190
9.3 BioMEMSforCellularDetection...................................... 193
9.3.1 OpticalDetection.............................................. 194
9.3.2 MechanicalDetection.......................................... 196
9.3.3 ElectricalDetection............................................ 197
CONTENTS xi
9.4 ConclusionsandFutureDirections..................................... 200
Acknowledgements...................................................................... 201
References................................................................................. 201
10. ImplantableWirelessMicrosystems ..................................... 205
BabakZiaie
10.1 Introduction........................................................ 205
10.2 MicrosystemComponents............................................ 206
10.2.1 Transducers................................................. 206
10.2.2 InterfaceElectronics......................................... 207
10.2.3 WirelessCommunication..................................... 207
10.2.4 PowerSource................................................ 208
10.2.5 PackagingandEncapsulation................................. 209
10.3 DiagnosticMicrosystems............................................ 210
10.4 TherapeuticMicrosystems........................................... 213
10.5 RehabilitativeMicrosystems.......................................... 216
10.6 ConclusionsandFutureDirections.................................... 219
References............................................................................... 220
11. MicrofluidicTectonics .................................................. 223
J.AuraGimmandDavidJ.Beebe
11.1 Introduction........................................................ 223
11.2 TraditionalManufacturingMethods................................... 224
11.2.1 Micromachining............................................. 224
11.2.2 Micromolding............................................... 224
11.3 PolymericµFluidicManufacturingMethods........................... 225
11.3.1 SoftLithography............................................. 225
11.3.2 OtherMethods .............................................. 226
11.3.3 LiquidPhasePhotopolymerization—Microfluidic
Tectonics(µFT)............................................. 226
11.3.4 SystemsDesign.............................................. 227
11.3.5 Valves...................................................... 228
11.3.6 Pumps...................................................... 229
11.3.7 Filters...................................................... 230
11.3.8 Compartmentalization:“VirtualWalls”......................... 231
11.3.9 Mixers...................................................... 232
11.3.10 HydrogelasSensors ......................................... 234
11.3.11 SensorsThatChangeShape................................... 234
11.3.12 SensorsThatChangeColor................................... 235
11.3.13 Cell-gelSensors............................................. 236
11.3.14 LiposomeSensor............................................ 237
11.3.15 E-gel....................................................... 237
11.4 ConcludingRemarks................................................ 240
References............................................................................... 240
xii CONTENTS
12. ACElectrokineticStirringandFocusingofNanoparticles ................ 243
MarinSigurdson,Dong-EuiChang,IdanTuval,IgorMezic,andCarlMeinhart
12.1 Introduction........................................................ 243
12.2 ACElectrokineticPhenomena........................................ 244
12.3 DEP:ASystemTheoryApproach .................................... 244
12.4 Non-LocalDEPTrapping............................................ 247
12.5 ElectrothermalStirring............................................... 249
12.6 EnhancementofHeterogeneousReactions............................. 251
12.7 Conclusions........................................................ 253
Acknowledgements.................................................................... 254
References............................................................................... 254
III. Micro-fluidicsandCharacterization.......................................257
13. ParticleDynamicsinaDielectrophoreticMicrodevice .................... 259
S.T.WereleyandI.Whitacre
13.1 IntroductionandSetup.............................................. 259
13.1.1 DEPDevice.................................................. 259
13.1.2 DielectrophoresisBackground.................................. 260
13.1.3 MicroParticleImageVelocimetry.............................. 261
13.2 Modeling/Theory ................................................... 262
13.2.1 DeconvolutionMethod........................................ 262
13.2.2 SyntheticImageMethod....................................... 263
13.2.3 ComparisonofTechniques..................................... 264
13.3 ExperimentalResults................................................ 266
13.4 Conclusions........................................................ 275
Acknowledgements.................................................................... 275
References............................................................................... 275
14. MicroscaleFlowandTransportSimulationforElectrokinetic
andLab-on-ChipApplications .......................................... 277
DavidEricksonandDongqingLi
14.1 Introduction........................................................ 277
14.2 MicroscaleFlowandTransportSimulation ............................ 278
14.2.1 MicroscaleFlowAnalysis ..................................... 278
14.2.2 ElectricalDoubleLayer(EDL)................................. 280
14.2.3 AppliedElectricalField....................................... 282
14.2.4 ElectrokineticMicrotransportAnalysis.......................... 284
14.3 NumericalChallengesDuetoLengthScalesandResultingSimplification. 285
14.4 CaseStudyI:EnhancedSpeciesMixingUsingHeterogeneousPatches... 286
14.4.1 FlowSimulation.............................................. 288
14.4.2 MixingSimulation............................................ 289
14.5 CaseStudyII:ACElectroosmoticFlowsinaRectangularMicrochannel.. 290
14.5.1 FlowSimulation.............................................. 291
14.6 CaseStudyIII:PressureDrivenFlowoverHeterogeneousSurfaces
forElectrokineticCharacterization.................................... 293