Biomembranes

250 Pages·1979·5.24 MB·English

by  M. Silverman, R. J. Turner (auth.), Lionel A. Manson (eds.)

BIOMEMBRANES
Volume 10
BIOMEMBRANES
A series edited by Lionel A. Manson
The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Recent Volumes in this Series
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Articles by Richard W. Hendler, Stuart A. Kauffman, Dale L. Oxender,
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1975 . Biomembranes . Volume 7
Aharon Katzir Memorial Volume
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Articles by Robert W. Baldwin, William C. Davis, Paul H. DeFoor,
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Michael R. Price, and Howard E. Sandberg
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Membrane Transport-An Interdisciplinary ~pproach
By Arnost Kotyk and Karel Janacek
1979. Biomembranes. Volume 10
Edited by Lionel A. Manson
A Continuation Order Plan is-available for this series. A continuation order will bring delivery
of each new volume immediately upon publication. Volumes are billed only upon actual ship
ment. For further information please contact the publisher.
BIOMEMBRANES
Volume 10
Edited by
Lionel A. Manson
The Wistar Institute
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
PLENUM PRESS • NEW YORK AND LONDON
The Library of Congress Cataloged the fIrst title of this series as follows:
Biomembranes. v. 1-
New York, Plenum Press, 1971-
1 v. illus. 24 ern.
Editor: v. 1- L. A. Manson.
1. Plasma membranes-Collected works. I. Manson, Lionel A., ed.
QH601.B53 574.8'75 78-140830
Library of Congress 71 7
Library of Congress Catalog Card 78-140830
ISBN 978-1-4615-6566-6 ISBN 978-1-4615-6564-2 (eBook)
DOl 10.1007/978-1-4615-6564-2
© 1979 Plenum Press, New York
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1979
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
227 West 17th Street, New York, N.Y. 10011
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted,
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
Contributors
Gloria Gronowicz, Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia Univer
sity, New York, New York
Eric Holtzman, Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University,
New York, New York
Masayori Inouye, Department of Biochemistry, State University of New
York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York
A. A. Jasaitis, Institute of Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the
Lithuanian SSR, Vilnius, Lithuanian SSR
Sandra K. Masur, Department of Physiology, Mount Sinai School of
Medicine, New York, New York
Arthur Mercurio, Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia Univer
sity, New York, New York
D. H. Northcotc, Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge,
Cambridge, England
S. A. Ostroumov, Shemiakin Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Academy
of Sciences of the USSR, Moscow, USSR
V. D. Samuilov, Department of Microbiology, Moscow State University,
Moscow, USSR
M. Silverman, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto,
Ontario, Canada
R. J. Turner, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto,
Ontario, Canada
v
Preface
Both science and religion are aspects of human endeavor that do not
observe political constraints. It is therefore appropriate that contributions
should come from many different countries for a series which attempts
to chronicle developments in an interdisciplinary field such as membrane
research. This volume is an excellent example of the diversity of thinking,
background, and approach needed by the working scientist for his re
search planning.
From Canada comes a review by Silverman and Turner of the mech
anisms by means of which the plasma membrane of the renal proximal
tubule acts as a transport mediator. The two chapters that were writtyn
by American scientists are excellent examples of the comparative bio
chemical approach. Inouye feels he must apologize for being interested
in the outer membrane of E. coli, but it is obvious, after a reading of his
chapter, that no apology is required. On the contrary, we are grateful for
his drawing our attention to this system and its unique properties. Holtz
man, Gronowicz, Mercurio, and Masur are also on a consciousness
raising mission in summarizing for us a number of integrated functions
of membranes using the toad bladder as an experimental system.
The other two chapters of this volume come from overseas. N orthcote
has again demonstrated his capacity to integrate a complex and difficult
field. His chapter is an excellent summary of the cellular role of the Golgi
apparatus and how it may function in glycoprotein and polysaccharide
synthesis and secretion. The last chapter comes from the Soviet Union.
It is a review by Ostroumov, Jasaitis, and Samuilov of the data describing
the electrochemical proton gradient in phosphorylating bacteria with a
special emphasis on the properties of bacteriorhodopsin.
It can be hoped that the advancement of science and human under
standing may soon become a universal goal of all countries and peoples.
Such is not the case today while this is being written. It is very difficult,
if not impossible, for the basic scientist to concentrate only on his labo-
vii
viii Preface
ratory research and be unaware of the world in which he lives. It seems
almost utopian to look forward to a time when the privilege to carryon
basic research for the advancement of civilization will be considered a
fundamental human right.
Lionel A. Manson
Philadelphia
June 15, 1979
Contents
Chapter I
The Renal Proximal Tubule
M. Silverman and R. 1. Turner
I. Introduction I
II. Morphologic Asymmetry 4
III. Biochemical Asymmetry 7
IV. Transport Asymmetry 10
A. Sugar Transport . 10
B. Amino Acid Transport 16
C. Phosphate Transport 22
D. Uric Acid Transport . 24
E. Lactate Transport . 26
F. Paraaminohippurate Transport 26
G. Anion Channels 27
V. Interdependence of Tubular Transport Systems 28
VI. Hormone Receptors . 30
VII. Structural Determinants of Epithelial Plasma Membrane
Asymmetry . 32
VIII. Proximal Tubule Dysfunction . 34
A. Type I-Altered Gene Product 34
B. Type II-The Fanconi Syndrome-Disorder of
Membrane Energization . 40
C. Homology between Red Cell Membrane and
the Antiluminal Membrane of the Renal
Proximal Tubule 41
IX. Conclusion 42
X. References . 42
ix
x Contents
Chapter 2
The Involvement of the Golgi Apparatus in the Biosynthesis and
Secretion of Glycoproteins and Polysaccharides
D. H. Northcote
I. Introduction 51
II. Polysaccharide and Glycoprotein Formation 52
A. Transport of Initial Glycosyl Donors to the Lumen of
the Endomembrane System . 52
B. Assembly of Sugar Polymers on Intermediate Carriers 53
C. Types of Glycoprotein and Polysaccharide Formed by
the Endomembrane System . 54
D. Assembly of Complexes within the Golgi Apparatus 56
III. Transport of the Polymers from the Endomembrane System 57
A. Transport as Lipoglycoprotein 57
B. Transport of Vesicles . 58
IV. Membrane Fusion . 59
A. Biochemistry of Membranes at Fusion 60
B. Ultrastructure of the Membranes at Fusion 60
C. Ultrastructure during the Formation of Transport
Vesicles from Membranes 61
D. The Fusion Process 62
E. Membrane Recycling . 62
V. Control of Polysaccharide Formation for Secretion 63
A. Formation of the Golgi Apparatus . 63
B. Membrane Differentiation and Change in the Function
of the Golgi Apparatus 64
C. Control of the Activity of the Golgi Apparatus by
Enzymic Regulation 64
D. Control of Vesicle Fusion at the Plasma Membrane 69
VI. References 69
Chapter 3
Notes on the Heterogeneity, Circulation, and Modification of
Membranes, with Emphasis on Secretory Cells, Photoreceptors, and the
Toad Bladder
Eric Holtzman. Gloria Gronolt"icz. Arthur Mercurio. and
Sandra K. Masur
I. Introduction 77
II. Membrane Heterogeneity and the Endoplasmic Reticulum 81
Contents xi
A. Lateral Heterogeneity in the Plasma Membrane . 82
B. Heterogeneity in the Endoplasmic Reticulum . 84
C. Three Zones of Smooth ER in Retinal Photoreceptors 85
D. The Membranes of ER-Derived Organelles 92
III. Membrane Diversification 94
A. Bulk Transport Phenomena . 95
B. Specificity of Membrane Growth and Assembly 98
C. Selective Redistribution of Membrane Constituents 105
D. Ongoing Studies of Membrane Modification:
Microorganisms and the Toad Bladder 112
IV. Concluding Comments 120
V. References . 120
Chapter 4
Lipoprotein of the Outer Membrane of Escherichia coli
Masayori Illouye
I. Introduction 141
A. Is the Outer Membrane Foreign to You? 141
B. What Is the Outer Membrane? 142
II. Structure 145
A. Bound Form of the Lipoprotein 145
B. Free Form of the Lipoprotein 146
C. Location and Amount of the Lipoprotein 149
D. Conformation of the Lipoprotein 150
III. Biosynthesis 150
A. Specific Biosynthesis in Vivo 150
B. Effects of Antibiotics . 152
C. Cell-Free Synthesis 155
D. Prolipoprotein: Precursor of the Lipoprotein 159
E. Structure of the Lipoprotein mRNA 171
IV. Modification and Assembly 174
A. Posttranslational Modification 174
B. Molecular Assembly Models 179
C. Interactions with Other Proteins 185
D. Effects of Lipid Fluidity 188
E. III Vitro Assembly 189
V. Genetic Approaches 192
A. Isolation of Mutants of the Lipoprotein 192
B. Gene-Dosage Effects 196