Biomedical Signals and Sensors II: Linking Acoustic and Optic Biosignals and Biomedical Sensors PDF
Preview Biomedical Signals and Sensors II: Linking Acoustic and Optic Biosignals and Biomedical Sensors
Biological and Medical Physics, Biomedical Engineering Eugenijus Kaniusas Biomedical Signals and Sensors II Linking Acoustic and Optic Biosignals and Biomedical Sensors BIOLOGICAL AND MEDICAL PHYSICS, BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING BIOLOGICAL AND MEDICAL PHYSICS, BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING Thefieldsofbiologicalandmedicalphysicsandbiomedicalengineeringarebroad,multidisciplinaryanddynamic. Theylieatthecrossroadsoffrontierresearchinphysics,biology,chemistry,andmedicine.TheBiologicalandMedical Physics,BiomedicalEngineeringSeriesisintendedtobecomprehensive,coveringabroadrangeoftopicsimportantto the study of the physical, chemical and biological sciences. Its goal is to provide scientists and engineers with textbooks,monographs,andreferenceworkstoaddressthegrowingneedforinformation. Booksintheseriesemphasizeestablishedandemergentareasofscienceincludingmolecular,membrane,and mathematicalbiophysics;photosyntheticenergyharvestingandconversion;informationprocessing;physicalprinciples ofgenetics;sensorycommunications;automatanetworks,neuralnetworks,andcellularautomata.Equallyimportant willbecoverageofappliedaspectsofbiologicalandmedicalphysicsandbiomedicalengineeringsuchasmolecular electroniccomponentsanddevices,biosensors,medicine,imaging,physicalprinciplesofrenewableenergyproduction, advancedprostheses,andenvironmentalcontrolandengineering. Editor-in-Chief: EliasGreenbaum,Knoxville,Tennessee,USA EditorialBoard: MasuoAizawa,TokyoInstituteTechnologyDept. MarkS.Humayun,DohenyEyeInst. Bioengineering,Tokyo,Japan UniversityofSouthernCaliforniaKeckSchoolofMedicine, OlafS.Andersen,Dept.Physiology, LosAngeles,California,USA RockefellerUniversityMedicalCollege,NewYork, PierreJoliot,InstitutedeBiologie NewYork,USA Physico-Chimique,FondationEdmond RobertH.Austin,DepartmentofPhysics, deRothschild,Paris,France PrincetonUniversity,Princeton,NewJersey,USA LajosKeszthelyi,Szeged,Hungary JamesBarber,London,UnitedKingdom RobertS.Knox,DepartmentofPhysics HowardC.Berg,HarvardUniversityDept. andAstronomy,UniversityofRochester,Rochester, Molecular&CellularBiology, NewYork,USA Cambridge,Massachusetts,USA AaronLewis,DepartmentofAppliedPhysics, VictorBloomfield,Minneapolis,Minnesota,USA HebrewUniversity,Jerusalem,Israel RobertCallender,DepartmentofBiochemistry, StuartM.Lindsay,DepartmentofPhysics AlbertEinsteinCollegeofMedicine, andAstronomy,ArizonaStateUniversity, Bronx,NewYork,USA Tempe,Arizona,USA BrittonChance,DepartmentofBiochemistry/Biophysics, DavidMauzerall,RockefellerUniversity, UniversityofPennsylvania, NewYork,NewYork,USA Philadelphia,Pennsylvania,USA EugenieV.Mielczarek,DepartmentofPhysics StevenChu,LawrenceBerkeleyNational andAstronomy,GeorgeMasonUniversity,Fairfax, LaboratoryBerkeley,Berkeley,California,USA USA LouisJ.DeFelice,Nashville,Tennessee,USA MarkolfNiemz,MedicalFacultyMannheimUniversityof Heidelberg,Mannheim,Germany JohannDeisenhofer,HowardHughesMedical Institute,TheUniversityofTexas,Dallas, V.AdrianParsegian,PhysicalScienceLaboratory, Dallas,Texas,USA NationalInstitutesofHealth,Bethesda, Maryland,USA GeorgeFeher,DepartmentofPhysics, UniversityofCalifornia,SanDiego,LaJolla, LindaS.Powers,UniversityofArizona, California,USA Tucson,Arizona,USA EarlW.Prohofsky,DepartmentofPhysics, HansFrauenfelder,TheoryDivision, PurdueUniversity,WestLafayette,Indiana,USA LosAlamosNationalLaboratory, LosAlamos,NewMexico,USA AndrewRubin,DepartmentofBiophysics,Moscow StateUniversity,Moscow,c.Moscow,Russia IvarGiaever,RensselaerPolytechnicInstitute, Troy,NewYork,USA MichaelSeibert,NationalRenewableEnergy Laboratory,Golden,Colorado,USA SolM.Gruner,CornellUniversity, Ithaca,NewYork,USA DavidThomas,DepartmentofBiochemistry, UniversityofMinnesotaMedicalSchool, JudithHerzfeld,DepartmentofChemistry, Minneapolis,Minnesota,USA BrandeisUniversity,Waltham,Massachusetts,USA More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/3740 Eugenijus Kaniusas Biomedical Signals and Sensors II Linking Acoustic and Optic Biosignals and Biomedical Sensors With 73 Figures 123 Ao.Univ.-Prof.Dipl.-Ing.habil.Dr.EugenijusKaniusas Headofresearchgroup‘BiomedicalSensors’ ViennaUniversityofTechnology InstituteofElectrodynamics,MicrowaveandCircuitEngineering Gusshausstr. 27–29 1040Vienna Austria E-mail: [email protected] Volume1: ISBN978-3-642-24843-6 ISSN 1618-7210 ISSN 2197-5647 (electronic) Biological and Medical Physics, BiomedicalEngineering ISBN 978-3-662-45105-2 ISBN 978-3-662-45106-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-45106-9 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2012930477 SpringerHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon ©Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2015 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexempt fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthis book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained hereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade. Printedonacid-freepaper Springer-VerlagGmbHBerlinHeidelbergispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia (www.springer.com) Preface The present volume set develops a bridge between physiologic mechanisms and diagnostichumanengineering.Amultitudeofbiomedicalsensorsarecommonplace inclinicalpracticetoday.Theregisteredbiomedicalsignals,whichwillbereferred to as biosignals, reflect vital physiologic phenomena and are relevant not only for diagnosisbutalsofortherapy.Inordertoadequatelyapplybiomedicalsensorsand reasonably interpret the corresponding biosignals, a proper and strategic under- standing of the physiologic phenomena involved, their specific influence on the registered biosignals, and the technology behind the sensors is critical. While the first volume is focused on the interface between physiologic mecha- nisms and the resultant biosignals, the second volume is devoted to the interface between biosignals and biomedical sensors. That is, in the first volume, the phys- iologic mechanisms determining biosignals are described from the basic cellular level—as the place of origin of each and every biosignal—up to their advanced mutual coordination level, e.g., during sleep. It allows a physiologically accurate interpretation and comprehensive analysis of biosignals. Consequently, this second volume considers the genesis of acoustic and optic biosignals and the associated sensing technology from a strategic point of view. Unlike other contributions, this book deals differently on the subject of specific engineering aspects pertaining to particular biosignals, since it discusses hetero- geneousbiosignalswithinacommonframe.Inparticular,thisframecomprisesboth thebiosignalformationpathfromthebiosignalsourceatthephysiologicallevelto biosignalpropagationinthebodyandthebiosignalsensingpathfromthebiosignal transmission in the sensor applied on the body up to its conversion to a, usually electric, signal. Some biosignals arise in the course of the body’s vital functions while others map these functions that convey physiological data to an observer. It is highly instructive how sound and light beams interact with biological tissues, yielding acousticandopticbiosignals,respectively.Discussedphenomenateachalotabout the physics of sound and physics of light (as engineering sciences), and, on the otherhand,biologyandphysiology(aslivesciences).Thisbookprovidesasortof v vi Preface common denominator for acoustic and opticbiosignals, i.e., instructive similarities and differences in between, whereas these biosignals—at first glance—are entirely differentintheirphysicalnature.Basicandapplication-relatedissuesarecoveredin depth;infact,theseissuesshouldremainstrongbecausethesestandthetestoftime and mine knowledge of great value. This book is directed primarily at graduate and post graduate students in bio- medicalengineeringandbiophysics.Itisalsoaccessibletothosewhoareinterested inphysical,engineering,andlifesciences,sinceexpectedbackgroundknowledgeis minimal and many basic phenomena are explained in depth within numerous footnotes.Furthermore,thebookshouldserveengineersandpractitionerswhohave an interest in biomedical engineering. Discussed biosignals and sensing technolo- gies substantiate wearable sensor technologies—the hot topic today—which com- prise an appealing solution for pervasive (home) monitoring and prompt novel approaches in diagnosis and therapy. Itisimportanttonotethatthisbookwasmainlyinspiredbymylecturesentitled “BiomedicalSensorsandSignals,”“BiomedicalInstrumentation,”and“Biophysics” which constitute a significant part of a master’s degree program “Biomedical Engineering” attheVienna University ofTechnologyin Austria. In the end, it is not the spot-like knowledge of biosignals and engineering technologiescomingfromindependentconsiderationsofbiosignalsthatconstitutea successful biomedical engineer with profound professional knowledge, but the strategic and global consideration of basically different biosignals and of the cor- respondingsensingtechnologies,bothintegratedinthecommonframe.Thehighly interdisciplinary nature of biosignals and biomedical sensors is obviously a chal- lenge. However, it is a rewarding challenge after it has been coped with in a strategicway,asofferedhere.Thebookisintendedtohavethepresencetoanswer intriguing “Aha!” questions. Vienna, Austria Eugenijus Kaniusas Acknowledgments I would like to express my sincerest thanks for support to Univ. Prof. Helmut Pfützner (from the Institute of Electrodynamics, Microwave and Circuit Engi- neering(EMCE),Vienna University ofTechnology,Austria), Univ.Prof. Giedrius Varoneckas (from the Sleep Medicine Centre at Klaipeda University Hospital, Lithuania), Univ. Prof. Bernd Saletu (from the Department of Psychiatry, Univer- sity of Vienna, Austria), and Dr. Lars Mehnen, Dr. Karl Futschik, Dr. Stefan Traxler (all from the EMCE). I thank my students Dipl.-Ing. Stefan Kampusch, Florian Thürk, and Dejan Tomic for experimental support and careful proof reading. The book has signifi- cantlybenefitedfromcountlesssmallandlargeprojectsinwhichnumerousdiligent students of mine have been involved. I give sincere thanks to all of them. Special thanks go to Dipl.-Ing. Daniel Von-Chamier-Glisczinski who prepared ball pen drawings prefacing each chapter and to Univ. Prof. Andrius Baltuska for scientific advice. I express my deep gratitude to my family, parents, and other relatives for unlimited support. vii Contents 4 Sensing by Acoustic Biosignals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4.1 Formation Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 4.1.1 Body Sounds—An Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 4.1.1.1 Heart Sounds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 4.1.1.2 Lung Sounds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 4.1.1.3 Snoring Sounds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 4.1.1.4 Apneic Sounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 4.1.1.5 Mutual Interrelations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 4.1.2 Transmission of Body Sounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 4.1.2.1 Propagation of Sounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 General Issues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Specific Issues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 4.1.2.2 Effects on Sounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Volume Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Inhomogeneity Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Scattering and Diffraction . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Reflection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Refraction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Resonance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 4.2 Sensing Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 4.2.1 Coupling of Body Sounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 4.2.1.1 Chestpiece . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Diaphragm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Bell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Diaphragm and Bell. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Air Leaks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 4.2.1.2 Microphone. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 4.2.1.3 Stethoscope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 ix x Contents 4.2.2 Registration of Body Sounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 4.2.2.1 Cardiac Activity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 4.2.2.2 Respiratory Activity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 4.2.2.3 Spatial Distribution of Body Sounds. . . . . . . 83 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 5 Sensing by Optic Biosignals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 5.1 Formation Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 5.1.1 Incident Light. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 5.1.1.1 Light Emission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 5.1.1.2 Light Source. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 5.1.2 Transmission of Light. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 5.1.2.1 Propagation of Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 5.1.2.2 Effects on Light. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Volume Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Inhomogeneity Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 5.1.2.3 Light Modulation by Physiological Phenomena. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Cardiac Activity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 Respiratory Activity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Blood Oxygenation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 General Issues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Specific Issues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 Motion Artefacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 5.2 Sensing Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 5.2.1 Coupling of Light. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 5.2.1.1 Penetration and Probing of Light. . . . . . . . . 160 Penetration Depth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 Probing Depth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 5.2.1.2 Transmission and Reflection Modes. . . . . . . 165 General Issues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 Source-Sink Distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 Light Wavelength. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 Application Regions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 Contacting Force and Skin Temperature . . . . 175 5.2.1.3 Light Sink. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 5.2.1.4 Adverse Health Effects and Exposure Limits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 Health Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 Organs at Risk—Eye and Skin. . . . . . . . . . . 184 Remarks on Exposure Limits and Optic Biosignals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
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