Table Of Content

BiomedicalPhotonicTechnologies Biomedical Photonic Technologies Edited by Zhenxi Zhang, Shudong Jiang, and Buhong Li Editors AllbookspublishedbyWILEY-VCHarecarefully produced.Nevertheless,authors,editors,and Prof.ZhenxiZhang publisherdonotwarranttheinformation Xi’anJiaotongUniversity containedinthesebooks,includingthisbook, InstituteofBiomedicalPhotonicsand tobefreeoferrors.Readersareadvisedtokeep Sensing inmindthatstatements,data,illustrations, 28XianningXiRoad proceduraldetailsorotheritemsmay 710049Xi’an inadvertentlybeinaccurate. China LibraryofCongressCardNo.:appliedfor Prof.ShudongJiang DartmouthCollege BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData ThayerSchoolofEngineering Acataloguerecordforthisbookisavailable 14EngineeringDrive fromtheBritishLibrary. Hanover,NH03755 USA Bibliographicinformationpublishedby theDeutscheNationalbibliothek Prof.BuhongLi TheDeutscheNationalbibliotheklists HainanUniversity thispublicationintheDeutsche SchoolofScience Nationalbibliografie;detailedbibliographic 58RenminRoad dataareavailableontheInternetat 570228Haikou <http://dnb.d-nb.de>. China [email protected] ©2023WILEY-VCHGmbH,Boschstraße12, 69469Weinheim,Germany CoverImage:©GrAl/Shutterstock Allrightsreserved(includingthoseof translationintootherlanguages).Nopartof thisbookmaybereproducedinanyform–by photoprinting,microfilm,oranyother means–nortransmittedortranslatedintoa machinelanguagewithoutwrittenpermission fromthepublishers.Registerednames, trademarks,etc.usedinthisbook,evenwhen notspecificallymarkedassuch,arenottobe consideredunprotectedbylaw. PrintISBN:978-3-527-34656-1 ePDFISBN:978-3-527-82353-6 ePubISBN:978-3-527-82354-3 oBookISBN:978-3-527-82355-0 Typesetting Straive,Chennai,India v Contents Preface xiii 1 AdvancedWide-FieldFluorescentMicroscopyfor Biomedicine 1 ChongChenandHuiLi 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 OpticalSectioningbyStructuredIllumination 2 1.2.1 OpticalSectioninWide-FieldMicroscopy 2 1.2.2 PrincipleofOpticalSectionwithStructuredIllumination 3 1.2.3 MethodsforGeneratingCreateStructuredIllumination 4 1.2.4 OpticalSectionAlgorithmswithStructuredIllumination 7 1.2.4.1 SimpleReconstructionAlgorithm 7 1.2.4.2 HiLoReconstructionAlgorithm 8 1.2.4.3 Hilber–HuangTransformReconstructionAlgorithm 10 1.3 Super-ResolutionImagingwithStructuredIllumination 11 1.3.1 LateralResolutioninaWide-FieldMicroscope 11 1.3.2 PrincipleofSuper-ResolutionSIM 13 1.3.3 SR-SIMSetupBasedLaserInterference 14 1.3.4 Super-ResolutionReconstructionforSIM 16 1.3.5 TypicalArtifactsandRemovementMethods 18 1.4 3DimagingwithLightSheetIllumination 19 1.4.1 PrincipleandHistory 19 1.4.2 LightSheetwithOrthogonalObjectives 21 1.4.2.1 LightSheetwithCylinderLens 21 1.4.2.2 ScanningLightSheet 22 1.4.2.3 MultidirectionIlluminationandImaging 23 1.4.3 Single-LensLight-SheetMicroscopy 25 1.5 Summary 27 References 27 vi Contents 2 FluorescenceResonanceEnergyTransfer(FRET) 31 TongshengChen 2.1 Fluorescence 32 2.1.1 FluorescenceEmission 32 2.1.2 MolarExtinctionCoefficient 32 2.1.3 QuantumYield 33 2.1.4 AbsorptionandEmissionSpectra 33 2.2 CharacteristicsofResonanceEnergyTransfer 33 2.3 TheoryofEnergyTransferforaDonor–AcceptorPair 35 2.4 TypesofFRETApplication 36 2.5 CommonFluorophoresforFRET 36 2.5.1 ChemicalFluorescenceProbes 37 2.5.2 Gene-EncodedFluorescentProteins(FPs) 37 2.5.3 QuantumDot(QD) 38 2.6 EffectofFRETontheOpticalPropertiesofDonorandAcceptor 39 2.7 QualitativeFRETAnalysis 40 2.8 QuantitativeFRETMeasurement 41 2.8.1 IssueofQuantitativeFRETMeasurement:SpectralCrosstalk 41 2.8.2 LifetimeMethod 41 2.8.3 CompleteAcceptorPhotobleaching 43 2.8.4 PartialAcceptorPhotobleaching(pbFRET) 43 2.8.5 B/C-PbFRETMethod 44 2.8.6 BinomialDistribution-BasedQuantitativeFRETMeasurementfor ConstructswithMultiple-AcceptorsbyPartiallyPhotobleaching Acceptor(Mb-PbFRET) 46 2.8.7 3-Cube-BasedE-FRET 48 2.8.8 QuantitativeFRETMeasurementBasedonLinearSpectral UnmixngofEmissionSpectra(Em-spFRET) 49 2.8.8.1 Lux-FRETMethod 49 2.8.8.2 SpRETMethod 51 2.8.8.3 Iem-spFRETMethod 52 2.9 ConventionalInstrumentforFRETMeasurement 53 2.9.1 FluorescenceLifetimeDetector 53 2.9.2 WidefieldMicroscope 54 2.9.3 ConfocalFluoresceneMicroscope 54 2.9.4 FluorescenceSpectrometer 55 2.10 ApplicationsofFRETinBiomedicine 55 2.10.1 Protein–ProteinInteractions 55 2.10.2 ActivationandDegradationofProteinKinases 58 2.10.3 Spatio-TemporalImagingofIntracellularIonConcentration 61 References 65 Contents vii 3 OpticalCoherenceTomographyStructuralandFunctional Imaging 71 PengLiandZhihuaDing 3.1 Introduction 71 3.2 PrinciplesofOCT 72 3.3 PerformancesofOCT 76 3.3.1 Resolution 76 3.3.2 ImagingSpeed 77 3.3.3 Signal-to-NoiseRatio(SNR) 78 3.3.4 ImagingRange 80 3.3.5 SensitivityFalloffEffectsinFD-OCT 80 3.4 DevelopmentofOCTImaging 82 3.4.1 LargeImagingRange 82 3.4.2 High-ImagingSpeed 84 3.4.3 FunctionalOCT 84 3.5 OCTAngiography 86 3.5.1 OCTAContrastOrigins 86 3.5.2 SID-OCTAImagingAlgorithm 88 3.6 OCTAQuantification 94 3.6.1 MorphologicalQuantification 94 3.6.2 HemodynamicQuantification 96 3.7 ApplicationsofOCT 100 3.7.1 Brain 100 3.7.2 Ocular 103 3.7.3 Skin 105 3.8 Conclusion 107 References 108 4 CoherentRamanScatteringMicroscopyandBiomedical Applications 117 MinbiaoJi 4.1 Introduction 117 4.1.1 SpontaneousRamanScattering 117 4.1.2 CoherentRamanScattering 119 4.2 CoherentAnti-stokesRamanScattering(CARS)Microscopy 120 4.2.1 PrinciplesandLimitations 120 4.2.2 EndoscopicCARS 120 4.3 StimulatedRamanScattering(SRS)Microscopy 121 4.3.1 PrinciplesandAdvantages 121 4.3.2 HyperspectralSRS 123 4.3.3 HighSpeedSRS 125 viii Contents 4.4 BiomedicalApplicationsofCRSMicroscopy 127 4.4.1 Label-FreeHistologyforRapidDiagnosis 127 4.4.2 RamanTaggingandImaging 130 4.5 ProspectsandChallenges 134 References 134 5 FluorescenceImaging-GuidedSurgery 137 ShudongJiang 5.1 Introduction 137 5.2 BasicsofFluorescenceImage-GuidedSurgery 138 5.3 FluorescenceProbesforImaging-GuidedSurgery 140 5.4 TypicalFluorescenceImaging-GuidedSurgeries 143 5.4.1 BrainTumorResection 143 5.4.2 OpenSurgeriesforCancerResectioninOtherOrgans 145 5.4.3 Laparoscopic/EndoscopicSurgeries 148 5.4.3.1 Cholecystectomy 148 5.4.3.2 Gastrectomy 150 5.4.3.3 PulmonaryGround-GlassOpacityinThoracoscopicWedge Resection 151 5.4.3.4 HeadandNeck 151 5.4.4 OrganTransplantSurgery 151 5.4.5 PlasticSurgery 152 5.4.6 OrthopedicSurgery 153 5.4.7 ParathyroidGlandIdentification 156 5.5 Limitations,Challenges,andPossibleSolutions 157 References 158 6 EnhancedPhotodynamicTherapy 165 BuhongLiandLiLin 6.1 Introduction 165 6.2 PhotosensitizersforEnhancedPDT 168 6.3 LightSourcesforEnhancedPDT 170 6.3.1 ExtendedPenetrationDepth 171 6.3.1.1 Lasers 171 6.3.1.2 Light-EmittingDiodes 171 6.3.1.3 Self-ExcitationLightSources 172 6.3.1.4 X-Ray 173 6.3.1.5 AcousticWaves 173 6.3.2 OptimizedSchemeofIrradiation 173 6.4 OxygenSupplyforEnhancedPDT 174 6.4.1 OxygenReplenishment 174 6.4.1.1 OxygenCarriers 174 6.4.1.2 OxygenGenerators 175 6.4.2 ReducedOxygenConsumption 176 6.4.2.1 IrradiationScheme 176