Biomedical Optical Sensors: Differentiators for Winning Technologies

243 Pages·2020·11.556 MB·English

by  Richard De La Rue, Hans Peter Herzig, Martina Gerken

Biological and Medical Physics, Biomedical Engineering
Richard De La Rue
Hans Peter Herzig
Martina Gerken   Editors
Biomedical
Optical
Sensors
Differentiators for Winning Technologies
Biological and Medical Physics, Biomedical
Engineering
BIOLOGICAL AND MEDICAL PHYSICS,
BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING
Thisseriesisintendedtobecomprehensive,coveringabroadrangeoftopicsimportanttothestudyofthe
physical, chemical and biological sciences. Its goal is to provide scientists and engineers with textbooks,
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Editor-in-Chief
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Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/3740
Richard De La Rue Hans Peter Herzig
(cid:129) (cid:129)
Martina Gerken
Editors
Biomedical Optical Sensors
Differentiators for Winning Technologies
123
Editors
Richard DeLaRue Hans PeterHerzig
Optoelectronics Research Group STI-DO
University of Glasgow EcolePolytechnique Federale Lausan
Schoolof Engineering Neuchâtel, Switzerland
Glasgow, UK
Martina Gerken
Faculty of Engineering
Kiel University
Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
ISSN 1618-7210 ISSN 2197-5647 (electronic)
Biological andMedical Physics, Biomedical Engineering
ISBN978-3-030-48385-2 ISBN978-3-030-48387-6 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48387-6
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Preface
Biomedical sensing is an increasingly important domain of research and develop-
ment activity across many countries, with the potential to have widespread impact
acrosstheglobe.Biomedicineisitselfofcentralimportanceforthehumanraceand
the development of advanced civilisation, because it not only addresses the
ever-growingneedforreliableandsustainablehealthcareofaworldpopulationthat
continues to expand, but also because it is likely to be required (i.e. have an
essential role) when humanity faces the challenges that will inevitably arise in the
future—and have already arisen to a large extent. The increasing importance of
biomedicalsensorsisdirectlylinkedtothedevelopmentofmedicaltechnologies—
andmedicinemoregenerally.Biomedicalsensorsarealreadybeingusedtoincrease
thereliabilityandspeedofmedicaldiagnosis,bothpriortoandaftermedicalevents
experienced by individual human beings and, potentially, by large numbers of
human beings at the same time, as well as sequentially.
This book is intended to form a useful, but limited, introduction to the topic of
biomedical sensing based on optical or photonic techniques. The light that is
available for purposes such as biomedical sensing—and has been demonstrated as
useful—covers a very wide (multi-octave) spectrum, including parts of the
Ultra-Violet (UV) spectrum, all of the visible spectrum and much of the infrared
spectrum—and frequencies as low as the TeraHertz (THz) region of the electro-
magnetic spectrum. The utility of light in biomedical sensing arises, in part, from
thefactthatthewavelength(andthereforethefrequencyandphotonenergy)ofthe
light can be selected, with considerable precision, to match the characteristic res-
onantfrequenciesofthebio-molecules,e.g.proteins,ofinterest.Inthiscontext,we
note that the bond vibration spectrum of many biological molecules lies in the
Mid-Infrared Region (MIR) of the electromagnetic spectrum. This mid-infrared
region is readily accessible using standard laboratory apparatus such as
Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometers, together with weak and spec-
trallybroadlightsources.Alternatively,coherentlightsourcessuchasdiodelasers
can be tuned to well-defined target wavelengths—and useful identification and
measurement of biomaterial may be obtained using a specific single optical
wavelength or a specific set of different wavelengths. Such identification may be
v
vi Preface
obtainedviatheuseoffluorescentlabellingofcharacteristicbio-moleculesorcells
—and by means of label-free specific binding processes.
Our intention, in the following chapters, is to identify scientific and techno-
logicalconceptsthatarebothintellectuallyinterestingandpotentiallyapplicablein
biomedicine. Inevitably there will be some overlap between the material that is
treated in any one chapter and material appearing in one or more other chapters.
Chapters 1–3 are concerned with optical/photonic sensors that are based on
planar optical waveguide techniques. Chapter 4 is also concerned with biosensors
that typically exploit planar fabrication techniques based on flat substrates, but the
interactionofthelightwiththesensoristypicallynotthroughwaveguidingaction.
ThephotoniccrystalstructurescoveredinChap.5mayberealisedinvariousways.
In many cases, the photonic crystal structures are realised by planar fabrication
techniques.Butotherfabricationtechniqueshavealsobeenused,e.g.therealisation
ofsyntheticopalstructuresbycolloidaldepositionofapproximatelysphericalsilica
micro-balls from solution. This last technique can be used in situations where the
substrate for the photonic crystal structure is non-planar, e.g. the walls of a
cylindrical tube.
Chapter1‘TowardsRefractiveIndexSensingUsingNanoscaleSlotWaveguide
Cavities’ identifies convincingly themerits of theslot waveguide configurationfor
bio-sensing applications.
Chapter 2 specifically addresses the topic of waveguide biosensors based on
plasmonictechniques—exploiting,inparticular,theadvantagesthatresultfromthe
useoflong-rangeplasmonpropagation.Theapplicationofthisapproachtodisease
detection in complex fluids is also discussed.
Chapter 3 explores the merits of using spectroscopy based on the collective
modal characteristics of multimode planar optical waveguides—where the hybrid
modes of plasmonic–dielectric structures can be exploited.
Chapter 4 has the title: ‘Refractive Index Sensing with Anisotropic Hyperbolic
Metamaterials’—and it addresses the more general topic of refractive index
(change) based sensing—but includes bio-sensing as a lead application.
Chapter 5 covers the topic of ‘Photonic Crystal Biosensors’ in essentially three
distinct categories: (a) sensor surfaces based on 1D and 2D periodic slabs—and
their application in Photonic Crystal Enhanced Microscopy (PCEM), (b) devices
basedonboth2Dand1Dphotoniccrystalstructuresrealisedinplanarwaveguides
and (c) primarily 3D photonic crystal structures, but also closely related 2D pho-
tonic crystal structures. In this third part, non-planar, modified or partially planar
fabricationprocessesplayasignificantrole.Notably,becauseofitsdistinctnature,
the topic of ‘photonic crystal fibers’ is not addressed in this chapter. It is however
covered, to some extent, in the following chapter.
Chapter 6 is concerned with ‘Optical Fiber Sensors’. Optical fibers are the
predominant optical waveguide technology that is in current use. Their use in
moderntelecommunicationshasbecomenearlyuniversal—andtheyhavemanifold
other applications, including various types of sensor.
Preface vii
Chapter7hasthetitle:‘PlanarOptofluidicsforOn-ChipParticleManipulation’.
Delivery of biomaterial via micro-fluidics and, possibly, nano-fluidics (locally) is
arguably the norm for optics based bio-sensing. For cells, in particular, or small
enough biomaterial-loaded beads, optical techniques—including optical tweezing
and trapping—are of great interest. This chapter is particularly concerned with
usingthetransferofmomentumfromphotonstobio-particlesanditsapplicationin
bio-sensing.
Chapter 8 ‘New Directions in Sensing Using Raman Analysis on Paper and
Microfluidic Platforms’. Raman scattering provides a powerful technique for
biomedical sensing. An important example, because of its potential for very large
levels of sensitivity enhancement, is the Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering
(SERS) process.
Glasgow, UK Richard De La Rue
Neuchâtel, Switzerland Hans Peter Herzig
Kiel, Germany Martina Gerken
Contents
1 Towards Refractive Index Sensing Using Nanoscale Slot
Waveguide Cavities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Elsie Barakat, Gaël Osowiecki, and Hans Peter Herzig
1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Existing Interferometers as Optical Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2.1 Michelson Interferometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2.2 Fabry–Pérot Resonators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2.3 Microring Resonators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.3 Plasmonic Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.3.1 Integrated Plasmonic Refractive Index Sensor . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.4 Periodic Plasmonic Slots Excited with a Waveguide. . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.4.1 From Multimode to Monomode Waveguide Coupling . . . . 13
1.4.2 Plasmonic Slot Waveguide Cavity (PSWC) on a Single
Mode Waveguide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.4.3 Light Management in the PSWC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.4.4 Field Enhancement and Sensitivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
1.4.5 Bulk and Local Sensitivity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
1.5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2 Long-Range Plasmonic Waveguide Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Oleksiy Krupin and Pierre Berini
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.2 Sensing Platforms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.2.1 Sensor Structure and Fluidic Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.2.2 Sensor Fabrication and Properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.2.3 Optical and Fluidic Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.2.4 Experimental Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
ix
x Contents
2.3 Sensing Demonstrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.3.1 Bulk Sensing Using Straight Plasmonic Waveguides . . . . . 36
2.3.2 Cell Sensing Using Straight Plasmonic Waveguides. . . . . . 38
2.3.3 Protein Sensing Using Straight Waveguides (SWGs) . . . . . 41
2.3.4 Disease Detection Using Straight Plasmonic
Waveguides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
2.3.5 Bulk Sensing on Mach–Zehnder Interferometers
(MZIs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2.4 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
3 Multimode Spectroscopy in Optical Biosensors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Farshid Bahrami, J. Stewart Aitchison, and Mo Mojahedi
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
3.2 Self-referenced Spectroscopy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.3 Hybrid Plasmonic Waveguide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
3.3.1 Plasmon Waveguide Resonance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
3.3.2 PWR Sensor: Affinity Sensing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
3.4 Dielectric Grating SPR Sensor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
3.5 Metallic Grating SPR Sensor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
3.5.1 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
4 Refractive Index Sensing with Anisotropic Hyperbolic
Metamaterials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Nikolaos Vasilantonakis, Gregory A. Wurtz, and Anatoly V. Zayats
4.1 Introduction to Sensing with Plasmonic Metamaterials . . . . . . . . . 81
4.2 Differences Between Isotropic and Anisotropic Materials
for Sensing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
4.2.1 Comparison of Dispersion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
4.2.2 Comparison of Sensitivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
4.3 Refractive Index Sensing with Hyperbolic Metamaterials . . . . . . . 88
4.3.1 Effective Permittivity Sensitivity to Geometry
and Refractive Index Variations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
4.3.2 Mode Frequency Dependence on the Refractive Index
of the Analyte . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
4.3.3 Sensitivity Dependence on the Thickness
of the Metamaterial Transducer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
4.3.4 Sensing Variations of the Real Part of the Refractive
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
4.3.5 Sensing via Variations in the Imaginary Part
of the Refractive Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98