Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Polymers PDF
Preview Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Polymers
BiomedicalandPharmaceuticalPolymers ChapterNo. Dated:21/9/2010 AtTime:11:45:28 Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Polymers BiomedicalandPharmaceuticalPolymers ChapterNo. Dated:21/9/2010 AtTime:11:45:28 ULLA Pharmacy Series EditorinChief ProfAnthonyCMoffat TheSchoolofPharmacy,UniversityofLondon,UK MembersoftheEditorialAdvisoryBoard Prof Patrick Augustijns, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Laboratory for PharmacotechnologyandBiopharmacy,Belgium Prof Franco Bernini, University of Parma, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche,BiologicheeChimicheApplicate,Italy ProfMeindertDanhof,LACDR,DirectorofResearch,theNetherlands ProfLennartDencker,UppsalaUniversity,FacultyofPharmacy,Department ofPharmaceuticalBiosciences,Sweden ProfEliasFattal,UniversityParis-South,FacultyofPharmacy,France Prof Sven Frokjaer, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences,Denmark Prof Flemming Jorgensen, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Denmark ProfDenisLabarre,UniversityParis-South,FacultyofPharmacy,France ProfFredNyberg,UppsalaUniversity,FacultyofPharmacy,Departmentof PharmaceuticalBiosciences,Sweden ProfPatriziaSanti,UniversityofParma,DipartimentoFarmaceutico,Italy ProfNicoVermeulen,LACDR-SectionofMolecularToxicology,Department ofChemistryandPharmacochemistry,theNetherlands OthertitlesintheULLApharmacyseriesinclude: PharmaceuticalToxicology PaediatricDrugHandling InternationalPharmacyPracticeResearch MolecularBiopharmaceutics ProteomicsandMetabolomicsinPharmaceuticalScience ManagingandDevelopingLearninginHealthcare NB:Someofthetitleslistedareforthcoming/notyetpublished. BiomedicalandPharmaceuticalPolymers ChapterNo. Dated:21/9/2010 AtTime:11:45:28 Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Polymers by Denis J-P Labarre ProfessorofPolymerChemistry FacultyofPharmacy UniversityParis-South-XI Gilles Ponchel ProfessorofPharmaceuticalTechnologyandBiopharmacy FacultyofPharmacy UniversityofParis-South-XI Christine Vauthier PhD DirectorofResearch CNRS(CentreNationaldelaRechercheScientifique) France BiomedicalandPharmaceuticalPolymers ChapterNo. Dated:21/9/2010 AtTime:11:28:56 PublishedbyPharmaceuticalPress 1LambethHighStreet,LondonSE17JN,UK 1559St.PaulAvenue,Gurnee,IL60031,USA (cid:1)PharmaceuticalPress2011 isatrademarkofPharmaceuticalPress PharmaceuticalPressisthepublishingdivisionoftheRoyalPharmaceuticalSociety ofGreatBritain Firstpublished2011 TypesetbyThomsonDigital,Noida,India PrintedinGreatBritainbyTJInternational,Padstow,Cornwall ISBN9780853697305 Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrieval system,ortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,withoutthepriorwritten permissionofthecopyrightholder. Thepublishermakesnorepresentation,expressorimplied,withregardtothe accuracyoftheinformationcontainedinthisbookandcannotacceptanylegal responsibilityorliabilityforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmaybemade. TherightofDenisLabarre,GillesPonchelandChristineVauthiertobe identifiedastheauthorsofthisworkhasbeenassertedbytheminaccordance withtheCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct,1988. AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. BiomedicalandPharmaceuticalPolymers ChapterNo.4 Dated:21/9/2010 AtTime:10:19:0 Contents Preface vii Abouttheauthors ix Abbreviations xi 1 Introduction:whystudypolymersforthehealthsciences? 1 1.1 Polymersarelargemoleculesthatnaturerelieson 2 1.2 Abriefhistoryofpolymers 4 1.3 Definitions 5 1.4 Morphologyandnomenclatureofpolymers 6 Bibliography 16 2 Generalcharacteristicsofpolymers 19 2.1 Characterisationofpolymers 20 2.2 Specificpropertiesofpolymersinthepresenceofliquidmedia 35 2.3 Relationshipsbetweenstructureofpolymersandcohesionofmaterials 44 2.4 Propertiesofpolymersasmaterials 48 Bibliography 53 3 Mainmethodsandprocessestosynthesisepolymers 55 3.1 Whythereisaneedtosynthesisepolymers 55 3.2 Introducingstepandchainpolymerisation 56 3.3 Someexamplesofsteppolymerisation:fromsmallreagents andfromprepolymers 58 3.4 Freeradicalchainpolymerisation 59 3.5 Limitationsofpolymerisation 64 3.6 Overviewofothersyntheticmethods 66 3.7 Polymerisationreactionprocesses 73 3.8 Copolymerisation 80 3.9 Modificationsofpolymers 81 Bibliography 85 BiomedicalandPharmaceuticalPolymers ChapterNo.4 Dated:21/9/2010 AtTime:10:19:0 vi | Contents 4 Specialpropertiesofpolymers,casestudies anddetailedexamplesofapplications 87 4.1 Propertiesofblockcopolymers:phaseseparationinsolution andatsolidstate 87 4.2 Biodegradableandbioerodiblepolymers 91 4.3 Applicationsofpolymersinbiomedicaluses 98 4.4 Applicationsofpolymersinpharmaceuticaluses 114 Bibliography 148 Glossary 151 Index 155 BiomedicalandPharmaceuticalPolymers ChapterNo.4 Dated:21/9/2010 AtTime:10:18:28 Preface Whyatextbookonbiomedicalandpharmaceuticalpolymers? A considerable number of books have already been published on poly- mers. Despite this, my experience as a teacher is that no simple textbook is available for introducing polymers to graduate and postgraduate students who use them in the biomedical and pharmaceutical fields. The subject of polymers is taught to students in materials science who are supposed to conceive new polymers and processes, or to be involved in the production, transformationanddesignofpolymer-baseditems.Anintroductiontopoly- mersisnotfrequentlygiventostudentsinthedomainofhealth,butpolymers areincreasinglypresentinthismultidisciplinarydomain.Suchusersofpoly- mers are confronted with an overwhelming number of specialised books in whichtheyjustcannotfindtheinformationthattheyneedintheirspecialised domain. Theaimofthisbookistoprovidethesestudentswithanintroductionto the general concepts of polymer science and some insights into speciality polymers used and developed for biomedical and pharmaceutical applica- tions.Thebookistheresultoftheexperienceoftheauthorsespeciallyafter coursesgivenbothatULLADoctoralSummerSchoolsandattheFacultyof PharmacyofCh^atenay-Malabry,UniversityofParisSouth-XI. Thebookwasdesignedinsuchawaythattheusercanfindusefulgeneral information at the beginning, followed by a specialised part dedicated to synthesis, and finally some examples of biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. DenisLabarre July2010 BiomedicalandPharmaceuticalPolymers ChapterNo.4 Dated:21/9/2010 AtTime:10:18:28 BiomedicalandPharmaceuticalPolymers ChapterNo. Dated:21/9/2010 AtTime:10:11:1 About the authors Denis J-P Labarre is professor in polymer chemistry at the Faculty of PharmacyofUniversityParis-South-XI,France.Hestartedworkingin1970 in the field of biomaterials. Having prepared covalently bound heparinised surfaces, he practised techniques of blood coagulation. He obtained a doc- torateinsciencesin1977onpolymericsurfacesabletoinhibitbloodcoagu- lation.In1978,hejoinedtheteamofProfessorEWMerrillatMITtodevelop antithrombogenic polymeric surfaces, in collaboration with Professors RD RosenbergandEWSalzman.AsassociateprofessorattheUniversityofParis- North, he did research in heparin-like polymer surfaces able to modulate blood coagulation and activation of the complement system. An expert in the interdisciplinary field of interactions between polymers and blood, he joined the team of Professor F Puisieux at the University of Paris-South-XI in1992.Hehasworkedonlong-circulatingpolymericnanoparticlesfordrug deliveryandonpolymericsystemsusedintherapeuticembolisation. GillesPonchelhasbeenfullprofessorattheUniversityofParis-South-XI since 2000, where he teaches pharmaceutical technology and biopharmacy. Heisleadingamultidisciplinaryresearchteamspecialisinginthefieldofdrug delivery,withtheaimofdevelopinginnovativedrug-deliverysystemsableto improve the crossing of physicochemical and biological barriers, which limit efficient delivery of active drugs to their pharmacological targets. His mainresearchtopicsare(i)thedevelopmentandtheevaluationofbioadhesive deliverysystemsand(ii)theconceptionofpharmaceuticallyacceptablemul- tifunctionalnanoparticlespreparedfromvariousmaterials(e.g.tailoredpoly- mers,cyclodextrins)foroptimisingtheinteractionswithlivingmatterinthe contextoftargetedapplications.Oneofhisspecificinterestsistogainabetter understanding at the molecular level of the relationships between surface properties of nanoparticles and their capacities of interacting in the body, throughvariousphenomena,includingbioadhesion.Heistheauthorofover 100researchpapers,morethan100communications,manyinvitedlectures andafewpatents.Heisespeciallyinterestedinpromotingthepharmaceutical development of bioadhesive delivery systems through specific collaborative projectswithpharmaceuticalstartupcompaniesinthefield.
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