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Biomechanics of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms - Graz University of PDF

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Jianhua Tong Biomechanics of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms Monographic Series TU Graz Computation in Engineering and Science Series Editors G. Brenn Institute of Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer G. A. Holzapfel Institute of Biomechanics W. von der Linden Institute of Theoretical and Computational Physics M. Schanz Institute of Applied Mechanics O. Steinbach Institute of Computational Mathematics Monographic Series TU Graz Computation in Engineering and Science Volume 18 Jianhua Tong _____________________________________________________ Biomechanics of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms An Experimental Approach towards a Better Understanding of Pathological Progression ______________________________________________________________ This work is based on the dissertation “Biomechanics of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms: An Experimental Approach towards a Better Understanding of Pathological Progression Cardiovascular Mechanics”, presented by Jianhua Tong at Graz University of Technology, Institute of Biomechanics in March 2013. Supervisor: G. A. Holzapfel (Graz University of Technology) Reviewer: T. Cohnert (Medical University of Graz) Bibliographic information published by Die Deutsche Bibliothek. Die Deutsche Bibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available at http://dnb.ddb.de. © 2013 Verlag der Technischen Universität Graz Cover photo Vier-Spezies-Rechenmaschine by courtesy of the Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Bibliothek – Niedersächsische Landesbibliothek Hannover Layout Wolfgang Karl, TU Graz / Universitätsbibliothek Christina Fraueneder, TU Graz / Büro des Rektorates Printed by TU Graz / Büroservice Verlag der Technischen Universität Graz www.ub.tugraz.at/Verlag ISBN: 978-3-85125-279-8 (print) ISBN: 978-3-85125-280-4 (e-book) DOI: 10.3217/978-3-85125-279-8 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of reprinting, translation, reproduction on microfilm and data storage and processing in data bases. For any kind of use the permission of the Verlag der Technischen Universität Graz must be obtained. JIANHUA TONG JianhuaTongwasawardedBachelor’sdegreeinEngineer- ingMechanicsatTongjiUniversity,Shanghai,P.R.China. Then he moved to the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden, to pursue his Master’s de- gree. During two years of his master program he switched his research direction to biomechanics and worked on several projects that focused on arterial wall biomechan- ics. After completing his Master Thesis, he immediately started his PhD in Biomedical Engineering at the Institute ofBiomechanics,GrazUniversityofTechnology,Austria, supervised by Professor Gerhard A. Holzapfel. His PhD research mainly focused on experimental investigation of the mechanical properties of arteries in health and disease, specifically in human abdomi- nal aortic aneurysms. His effort was also towards an investigation of the pathological pro- gression of cardiovascular diseases by correlating biomechanics with tissue morphology and associated microstructural characteristics. He co-authored four peer-reviewed journal papersandtwobookchapters,andhaspresentedonseveralinternationalconferences. Abstract An abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a complex vascular pathology which leads to a localized and asymmetric dilation of the abdominal aorta. Ruptures of untreated AAAs are common and catastrophic events which may account for high mortality rates, partic- ularly in elder males. It is well known that biomechanical factors play fundamental roles inAAAlesiongrowth,remodelingandrupture.Comparedtotremendousadvancesduring the past decade in our understanding of the biomechanics of diseased aneurysmal tissue and healthy aorta, it is more important to explore changes in the biomechanical proper- tiesofaneurysmaltissueintheAAApathologicalprogression.Thisprovidesusabasisto better understand AAA degeneration and the associated rupture mechanism, from a me- chanicalpointofview. ThisPhDthesismainlyfocusesonexperimentalinvestigationsofthebiomechanicalprop- erties of two major types of tissues within the AAA, i.e. intraluminal thrombus (ILT) and thrombus-covered wall. By performing biaxial extension and peeling tests, we systemati- cally explore biaxial mechanical responses and quantitatively determine dissection prop- ertiesof ILTsand thethrombus-covered walls,and further develop amore appropriate 3D material model to characterize the biaxial mechanical behaviors of both tissue types. An- other key contribution of this thesis is to determine the relative thrombus age within the AAA by characterizing the microstructure of ILT samples using histology and by inves- tigating changes in the biomechanical properties of thrombotic tissues. As a novel factor in the AAA research, the relative thrombus age is critically important to show the initia- tion and progression of the ILT and its potential effects on AAA wall mechanics. Further, we find that ILT aging relates to wall weakening in the AAAs. Mass fraction analysis is aimingtoquantifydryweightpercentagesoftwoproteincomponentselastinandcollagen within the AAA wall, which, in turn, determine mechanical properties at the tissue level. Moreover,genderdifferencesinbiomechanicalproperties ofAAAarealsodiscussed. Zusammenfassung EinabdominalesAortenaneurysma(AAA)isteinekomplexeGefäßerkrankung,beideres zu einer lokalen und asymmetrischen Ausweitung der abdominalen Aorta kommt. Ruptu- rierungen unbehandelter AAAs sind häufige und katastrophale Ereignisse, die besonders bei älteren Männern eine hohe Sterblichkeitsrate bedingen. Es ist wohlbekannt, dass bio- mechanische Faktoren eine fundamentale Rolle für das Wachstum, die Remodellierung und den Bruch eines AAAs spielen. Verglichen mit den enormen Fortschritten des letzten Jahrzehnts bezüglich des Verständnisses der Biomechanik des erkrankten aneurysmati- schen Gewebes und der gesunden Aorta, ist es nun wichtig, die Veränderungen der bio- mechanischenEigenschaftenvonaneurysmatischemGewebewährendderpathologischen Entwicklung des AAAs zu erforschen. Dies liefert uns ein grundlegendes und besseres Verständnis der AAA-Degeneration und den damit verbundenen Bruchmechanismen vom mechanischenGesichtspunktaus. Diese Doktorarbeit konzentriert sich hauptsächlich auf die experimentelle Bestimmung der biomechanischen Eigenschaften von zwei Gewebehaupttypen innerhalb des AAAs - dem intraluminalen Thrombus (ILT) und der mit dem Thrombus bedeckten AAA-Wand. MittelsbiaxialenZug-undsogenanntenPeeling-Versuchenkonntenwirdiebiaxialenme- chanischenEigenschaftenunddieDissektionseigenschaftenderILTsundderthrombusbe- decktenAAA-Wändesystematischerforschen.Fernerkonntenwirdamiteingeeigneteres 3D Materialmodell für die Charakterisierung des biaxialen mechanischen Verhaltens bei- der Gewebstypen entwickeln. Ein weiterer wichtiger Beitrag dieser Arbeit ist, dass wir als erste das relative Thrombusalter innerhalb des AAAs durch Korrelation der Änderung der mechanischen Eigenschaften von thrombotischem Gewebe mit dessen mikrostruktu- rellen Charakteristiken in der Histologie bestimmten. Als einen neuartigen Faktor in der AAA-Forschung kann das vorgeschlagene relative Thromusalter von entscheidender Be- deutung für die Entstehung und Progression des ILT und ihre mögliche Auswirkung auf dieMechanikderAAA-Wandgesehenwerden.DarüberhinausfandenwireineBeziehung zwischen Alter des ILT und der Wandschwächung des AAA. Eine Massenanteil-Analyse wurde durchgeführt, um das relative Trockengewicht der zwei mechanisch relevantesten Proteine Kollagen und Elastin im AAA bestimmen zu können. Des Weiteren wurden ge- schlechtsspezifische Unterschiede der biomechanischen Eigenschaften der AAAs disku- tiert.

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within the AAA wall, which, in turn, determine mechanical properties at the tissue level. Moreover, gender differences in 2 Dissection Properties and Mechanical Strength of Tissue Components in Hu- man Carotid Bifurcations. 21 .. so as to be linked to lesion development and rupture [16, 137, 177
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