Biomechanical Basis of Human Movement PDF
Preview Biomechanical Basis of Human Movement
Biomechanical Basis Human Movement of T H I R D E D I T I O N Biomechanical Basis Human of Movement T H I R D E D I T I O N Joseph Hamill, PhD Kathleen M. Knutzen, PhD Professor Professor Department of Exercise Science Department of Physical Education, University of Massachusetts at Health, and Recreation Amherst Amherst, Massachusetts Western Washington University Bellingham, Washington Acquisitions Editor: Emily Lupash Managing Editor: Andrea M. Klingler Marketing Manager: Missi Carmen Production Editor: Eve Malakoff-Klein Designer: Terry Mallon Compositor: International Typesetting and Composition Third Edition Copyright © 2009, 2003, 1995 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, a Wolters Kluwer business. 351 West Camden Street 530 Walnut Street Baltimore, MD 21201 Philadelphia, PA 19106 Printed in the Peoples Republic of China All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including as photocopies or scanned-in or other electronic copies, or utilized by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the copyright owner, except for brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. Materials appear- ing in this book prepared by individuals as part of their official duties as U.S. government employees are not covered by the above-mentioned copyright. To request permission, please contact Lippincott Williams & Wilkins at 530 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19106, via email at [email protected], or via website at lww.com (products and services). 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hamill, Joseph, 1946- Biomechanical basis of human movement / Joseph Hamill, Kathleen M. Knutzen.—3rd ed. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-7817-9128-1 ISBN-10: 0-7817-9128-6 1. Human mechanics. I. Knutzen, Kathleen. II. Title. [DNLM: 1. Movement. 2. Biomechanics. WE 103 H217b 2009] QP303.H354 2009 612.7 6—dc22 2007027343 DISCLAIMER Care has been taken to confirm the accuracy of the information present and to describe gen- erally accepted practices. However, the authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for any consequences from application of the information in this book and make no warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the currency, completeness, or accuracy of the contents of the publication. Application of this information in a particular situation remains the professional responsibility of the practitioner; the clinical treatments described and recommended may not be considered absolute and universal recommendations. 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To purchase additional copies of this book, call our customer service department at (800) 638-3030 or fax orders to (301) 223-2320. International customers should call (301) 223-2300. Visit Lippincott Williams & Wilkins on the Internet: http://www.lww.com. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins customer service representatives are available from 8:30 am to 6:00 pm, EST. To our friend and mentor B.T. Bates, and to our families. Preface Biomechanics is a quantitative field of study within the Part II, Functional Anatomy, includes Chapters 5 discipline of exercise science. This book is intended through 7 and discusses specific regions of the body: the as an introductory textbook that stresses this quantitative upper extremity, lower extremity, and trunk, respectively. (rather than qualitative) nature of biomechanics. It is Each chapter integrates the general information pre- hoped that, while stressing the quantification of human sented in Part I relative to each region. In this edition, movement, this third edition of Biomechanical Basis of the information on muscles and ligaments was moved Human Movement will also acknowledge those with a from the appendix into the chapter text to facilitate limited background in mathematics. The quantitative review of muscle and ligament locations and actions. The examples are presented in a detailed, logical manner that exercise section was reorganized to provide samples of highlight topics of interest. The goal of this book, there- common exercises used for each region. Finally, the fore, is to provide an introductory text in biomechanics analysis of selected activities at the end of each chapter that integrates basic anatomy, physics, calculus, and includes a more comprehensive muscular analysis based physiology for the study of human movement. We on the results of electromyographic studies. decided to use this approach because numerical examples Part III, Mechanical Analysis of Human Motion, are meaningful and easily clear up misconceptions con- includes Chapters 8 through 11, in which quantitative cerning the mechanics of human movement. mechanical techniques for the analyses of human move- ment are presented. Chapter 8 and 9 present the concepts of linear and angular kinematics. Conventions for the ORGANIZATION study of linear and angular motion in the analysis of This book is organized into three major sections: Part I: human movement are also detailed in these two chapters. Foundations of Human Movement; Part II: Functional A portion of each chapter is devoted to a review of the Anatomy; and Part III: Mechanical Analysis of Human research literature on human locomotion, wheelchair Motion. The chapters are ordered to provide a logical locomotion, and golf. These activities are used through- progression of material essential toward the understand- out Part III to illustrate the quantitative techniques pre- ing of biomechanics and the study of human movement. sented. Chapters 10 and 11 present the concepts of linear Part I, Foundations of Human Movement, includes and angular kinetics, including discussions on the forces Chapters 1 through 4. Chapter 1 “Basic Movement and torques that act on the human body during daily Terminology,” presents the terminology and nomencla- activities. The laws of motion are provided and explained. ture generally used in biomechanics. Chapter 2, “Skeletal Included here is a discussion of the forces and torques Considerations for Movement,” covers the skeletal sys- applied to the segments of the body during motion. tem with particular emphasis on joint articulation. Although the book follows a progressive order, the Chapter 3, “Muscular Considerations for Movement,” major sections are generally self-contained. Therefore, discusses the organization of the muscular system. Finally, instructors may delete or deemphasize certain sections. in Chapter 4, “Neurological Considerations For Parts I and II, for example, could be used in a traditional Movement,” the control and activation systems for kinesiology course, and Part III could be used for a bio- human movement are presented. In this edition, some of mechanics course. the foundation material was reorganized and new mate- rial was added in areas such as physical activity and bone FEATURES formation, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, factors influenc- ing force and velocity development in the muscles, and Each chapter contains a list of Chapter Objectives to the effect of training on muscle activation. enable the student to focus on key points in the material, vii viii PREFACE and Chapter Outlines provide a guide to the content dis- four appendices present information on units of measure- cussed. Boxes are included throughout to highlight ment, trigonometric functions, and hands-on data. important material, and relevant Questions are pulled out Illustrations of the principles of human movement are to help the student briefly review a concept. Chapter easily seen in most sports examples, but in this edition of Summaries at the end of each chapter recap the major Biomechanical Basis of Human Movement, new and concepts presented. Each chapter contains Review updated illustrations include applications from ergonom- Questions, both true/false and multiple choice, to chal- ics, orthopedics, and exercise. These are supplemented lenge students and help them digest and integrate the with references from the current biomechanics literature. material presented. A Glossary is presented at each chap- With these and the content and features mentioned above, ter’s end, defining terms found in each chapter and to be the full continuum of human movement potential is used as a source of reinforcement and reference. Finally, considered.
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