Biomaterials: Proceedings of a Workshop on the Status of Research and Training in Biomaterials held at the University of Illinois at the Medical Center and at the Chicago Circle, April 5–6, 1968

282 Pages·1969·11.56 MB·English

by  Lawrence Stark

BI 0 MATERIALS
BIOMATERIALS
Proceedings of a Workshop on the Status of Research and Training in
Biomaterials held at the University of Illinois at the Medical Center
and at the Chicago Circle, April 5-6, 1968
Edited by
Lawrence Stark
Professor of Physiological Optics
University of California at Berkeley
and
Gyan Agarwal
Professor of Systems Engineering
University of Illinois at Chicago Circle
PLENUM PRESS • NEW YORK • 1969
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 72-80083
ISBN -13: 978-1-4615-6557-4 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4615-6555-0
DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4615-6555-0
© 1969 Plenum Press
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1969
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
227 West 17th Street, New York, New York 10011
All rights reserved
No part of this publication may be reproduced in any
form without written permission from the publisher
To our wives, Jeanne and Sadhna, for their interest
in and support of biological materials
PREFACE
Essentially three groups of research workers are con
cerned with biomaterials. The biophysicists, the biochemists
and some bioengineers (particularly the metallurgists) are
engaged in a study of the basic properties of engineering
materials suitable for medical use and of biological mate
rials. The bioengineers in general as part of a team are
engaged in developing new devices suitable for medical pur
poses including implantable devices; spectacular examples of
such devices are artificial kidney and mechanical heart. The
medical people, dentists, surgeons and others, play an impor
tant role in developing criterions for the biomaterials, in
the eValuation of such materials in physiological environment
and as consumers of biomaterials. This workshop was an effort
to bring together representatives of the above groups to ex
change experiences and viewpoints in regard to both research
and training in this rapidly developing and vital area.
The individual presentations are some typical examples
of biomaterials research. There are numerous other examples
but basically they fall into three categories: materials in
medicine, biological materials, and semi-artificial materials
derived from biological sources. As a whole, the book pro
vides a comprehensive but not exhaustive picture of the
present state of affairs in the field of biomaterials. To
the educators the discussion on training should be of par
ticular interest. Those concerned with scientific adminis
trations and policy would find the section on the interaction
between government, industry and university very valuable.
Insofar as such matters can be estimated this workshop
was successful. The participants reported that they had had
a stimulating and enjoyable experience. Due to the tragic
death of the Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr., on the day before
the conference, some of the invitees were unable to come to
Chicago, in particular Drs. Fred Snell from Buffalo and
J. H. U. Brown from NIGMS. Some inconvenience to the par
ticipants at that time was unavoidable due to the fact that
parts of the city of Chicago were burning down.
vii
viii PREFACE
Many colleagues from the Biomedical Engineering Depart
ment at Presbyterian-St. Luke's helped in making this work
shop possible; we wish to express our appreciation of this
aid. The financial and other aid from the National Institute
of General Medical Sciences, arranged with the help of Drs.
Gordon Seeger, Trygvie Turve, J. H. U. Brown, and Charles
Miller, the University of Illinois, the Presbyterian-St.
Luke's Hospital and the Whittaker Corporation, arranged with
the help of Drs. Sigi Ziering, Arnold Miller, and John Howe,
is gratefully acknowledged.
Progress, such as in building a Tower of Babel, imposes
a requirement to establish a common language, understood and
accepted by those concerned: scientists, engineers, and'
doctors. If "Biomaterials" helps to further this goal, it
will have fulfilled its purpose.
Chicago and Berkeley)( G.A.
December 31, 1968 L.S.
*
At the time of the Workshop, Dr. Stark was Chairman
of the Biomedical Engineering Department, Presbyterian
St. Luke's Hospital, and College of Engineering,
University of Illinois at Chicago.
CONTENTS
Preface • • • • • • • vii
List of Participants xiii
Program xvii
Introduction 1
I. Materials in Medicine
1. Artificial Membranes 5
Edward Leonard
2. The N-A1ky1a1phacyanoacry1ate Tissue
Adhesives • • • • • • • • • • 15
Fred Leonard
3. Dental Materials 31
Evan Greener
4. Porous Metal Fabrication 39
James Bougas
5. The Behaviour of a Wrought Equiatomic
Gold-Nickel Alloy as an Implant Material
in Living Rats • • • • • • • •• 41
W. C. Travis and A. A. Johnson
6. Body Reaction of Implant Packaging . . . .
Materials • • • • • • • • • • • • • 55
W. H. Ko, M. R. Neuman, and K. Y. Lin
7. The Silicones as Tools in Biological
Engineering • • 67
Silas Braley
II. Biological Materials
1. Rheology of Blood 93
George Bug1iare110
ix
x CONTENTS
2. Mass Transport Phenomena in Biological
Systems • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 103
Kenneth H. Keller
3. Structural Properties of Bone • • • • • •• 119
Edward Salkovitz
4. Microcirculation Hemodynamics and Other
Biological Flow Problems: A Progress Report 131
George Bugliarello
III. Biological Sources for Semi-Artificial
Materials
1. Structure and Use of Collagen ••• 157
A. L. Rubin and Kurt H. Stenzel
2. Biologically Derived Collagen Membranes 185
T. Nishihara, A. L. Rubin, and
Kurt H. Stenzel
3. Collagen-Derived Membrane: Corneal
Implantation ••••• 195
M. W. Dunn, A. L. Rubin, T. Nishihara,
K. H. Stenzel, and A. W. Branwood
IV. Panel Discussion
Discussion on Interaction Among Government,
University, and Industry in the Field of
Biomaterials Research and Training ••• • 203
V. Training in Biomaterials
. . .
1. Discussion 219
2. National Manpower Needs in Biomaterials 243
James Dickson, III
VI. Summary
Biomaterials: A Summary of Research and
Training and Some Identifiable Goals 251
Lawrence Stark and Gyan Agarwal
CONTENTS xi
Author Index 267
Subject Index • 271
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS
Dr. Gyan Agarwal (Co-chairman), Assistant Professor of Sys
tems Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago
Circle, P.O. Box 4348, Chicago, Illinois 60680
Dr. James Bougas, Associate Professor of Surgery, Boston Uni
versity School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
Dr. Silas Braley, Director, Dow Corning Center for Aid to
Medical Research, Midland, Michigan 48641
Dr. George Bugliarello, Professor of Biotechnology and Civil
Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Carnegie
Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
Dr. John Campbell, Biomedical Engineering Department, Pres
byterian-St. Luke's Hospital, 1753 West Congress Parkway,
Chicago, Illinois 60612
Dr. James Dickson, III, Director, Engineering in Biology and
Medicine, National Institute of General Medical Sciences,
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20014
Dr. James Dow, Professor of Bioengineering, University of
Illinois at Chicago Circle, P.O. Box 4348, Chicago,
Illinois 60680
Dr. Frederich Eirich, Dean of Research, Polytechnic Institute
of Brooklyn, 333 Jay Street, Brooklyn, New York 11201
Dr. Jorge Galante, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Uni
versity of Illinois at Medical Center, P.O. Box 6998,
Chicago, Illinois 60680
Dr. Evan Greener, Chairman and Associate Professor, Depart
ment of Biological Materials, Northwestern University,
311 E. Chicago Avenue, Chicago, Illinois