Biomaterials

249 Pages·2014·4.491 MB·English

by  Véronique Migonney

BIOENGINEERING AND HEALTH SCIENCE SERIES
Biomaterials
Edited by
Véronique Migonney

Biomaterials

Series Editor
Marie-Christine Ho Ba Tho
Biomaterials

Edited by

Véronique Migonney
First published 2014 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as
permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced,
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ISTE Ltd John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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© ISTE Ltd 2014
The rights of Véronique Migonney to be identified as the author of this work have been asserted by her in
accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
Library of Congress Control Number: 2014947880

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 978-1-84821-585-6
Contents
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
Véronique MIGONNEY
CHAPTER 1. HISTORY OF BIOMATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Véronique MIGONNEY
1.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2. The evolution of biomaterials: several
generations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3. Was gold the first “biomaterial”? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.4. The use of glass to replace eyes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.5. Wood, leather, stainless steel to replace
amputated limbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.6. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.7. Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
CHAPTER 2. DEFINITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Véronique MIGONNEY
2.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2. Definitions of a “biomaterial” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.2.1. Dictionary definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.2.2. Definitions of biomaterials from expert
scientists of the domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.2.3. Up-to-date definition of biomaterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.2.4. Extensions of the biomaterials field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.3. Biomedical device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.3.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.3.2. Definition of a medical device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
vi Biomaterials
2.3.3. Classes of medical devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.4. Other definitions: implant, prosthesis, organ, graft, etc. . . . . . 19
2.5. Tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, nanomedicine . . . 20
2.5.1. Tissue engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.5.2. Regenerative medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.5.3. Nanomedicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.6. Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
CHAPTER 3. MATERIALS USED IN BIOMATERIAL
APPLICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Géraldine ROHMAN
3.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.2. Metals and alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.2.1. Titanium and titanium-based alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.2.2. Stainless steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.2.3. Cobalt-based alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.2.4. Shape–memory alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.2.5. Tantalum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.2.6. Surface coating and finishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.3. Bioceramics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3.3.1. Nearly bioinert oxide-based ceramics . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
3.3.2. Carbon-based implants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.3.3. Bioactive ceramics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.3.4. Resorbable ceramics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.3.5. Glass-ionomers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.3.6. Surface processing of ceramic materials . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3.4. Polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.4.1. Non-degradable synthetic polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
3.4.2. Synthetic and natural degradable polymers . . . . . . . . . . 56
3.4.3. Biomedical elastomers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
3.4.4. Shape–memory polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
3.4.5. Conjugated polymer-based biomaterials . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
3.4.6. Polymer surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
3.5. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
3.6. Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
CHAPTER 4. BIOCOMPATIBILITY AND NORMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Véronique MIGONNEY
4.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
4.2. Definitions of “biocompatibility” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
4.2.1. Introduction to biocompatibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Contents vii
4.2.2. History of the definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
4.3. Discussion on biocompatibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
4.4. Host response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
4.5. Biocompatibility – how can we evaluate it? . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
4.6. Infection, sterilization, prevention of infection . . . . . . . . . . 91
4.7. Norms and biocompatibility?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
4.8. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
4.9. Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
CHAPTER 5. BIOACTIVE POLYMERS AND SURFACES:
A SOLUTION FOR IMPLANT DEVICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Véronique MIGONNEY
5.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
5.2. History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
5.3. Model “bioactive” polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
5.3.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
5.4. “Bioactive” prosthetic surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
5.4.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
5.4.2. Concept and feasibility of the
grafting of “bioactive” polymers onto
prosthetic surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
5.4.3. Applications: (a) grafting of “bioactive”
polymers onto LARS ligament prostheses
and (b) grafting of “bioactive” polymers onto
Ceraver total hip prostheses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
5.5. Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
CHAPTER 6. FUNCTIONALIZATION OF BIOMATERIALS
AND APPLICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Céline FALENTIN-DAUDRE
6.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
6.2. Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
6.2.1. “Grafting to” on stainless steel surfaces for
antibacterial and antiadhesion properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
6.2.2. Grafting of bioactive polymers onto
titanium implants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
6.2.3. Radical graft polymerization of bioactive
polymers on poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET)
for anterior cruciate ligament applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
6.3. Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
viii Biomaterials
CHAPTER 7. BIOMATERIAL STRUCTURES FOR ANTERIOR
CRUCIATE LIGAMENT REPLACEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Cédryck VAQUETTE
7.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
7.2. Off the shelf ligaments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
7.2.1. Non-resorbable artificial ligaments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
7.2.2. Resorbable artificial ligaments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
7.2.3. Natural materials for ACL replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
7.3. Tissue-engineered constructs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
7.3.1. Cell sheet technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
7.3.2. Fibrous scaffolds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
7.3.3. Knitted/braided scaffolds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
7.4. Concluding remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
7.5. Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
CHAPTER 8. ANIMAL MODELS FOR ORTHOPEDIC
APPLICATIONS OF TISSUE ENGINEERING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Véronique VIATEAU, Adeline DECAMBRON and Mathieu MANASSERO
8.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
8.2. Factors involved in choosing a model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
8.2.1. Model relevance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
8.2.2. Model objectivity and reproducibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
8.2.3. Ethical considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
8.2.4. Financial considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
8.2.5. Technical limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
8.3. The good model for the good question research:
decision-making approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
8.3.1. Evaluation of biocompatibility, degradation
and functionality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
8.3.2. Mechanistic studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
8.3.3. Proof of concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
8.4. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
8.5. Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
CHAPTER 9. CERAMIC MATERIALS FOR DENTAL PROSTHESES . . . . 181
Amélie MAINJOT
9.1. The place of ceramics in modern prosthetic dentistry . . . . . . 181
9.2. Dental ceramics systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
9.3. Glass ceramics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
9.3.1. Classical glass ceramics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186