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BIOMASS NOW – SUSTAINABLE GROWTH AND USE Edited by Miodrag Darko Matovic Biomass Now – Sustainable Growth and Use http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/2583 Edited by Miodrag Darko Matovic Contributors Petar Gvero, Semin Petrovic, Sasa Papuga, Milovan Kotur, Jan Křen, Tamara Dryšlová, Lubomír Neudert, Vojtěch Lukas, N. Abdullah, F. Sulaiman, Naoki Kano, Ademar Pereira Serra, Marlene Estevão Marchetti, Davi José Bungenstab, Maria Anita Gonçalves da Silva, Rosilene Pereira Serra, Franklyn Clawdy Nunes Guimarães, Vanessa Do Amaral Conrad, Henrique Soares de Morais, Mihai Caramihai, Irina Severin, Ebrahim Azarpour, Maral Moraditochaee, Dulce María Díaz- Montaño, Khalida Muda, Azmi Aris, Mohd Razman Salim, Zaharah Ibrahim, Enrique Javier Carvajal Barriga, Cristina Guamán-Burneo, Patricia Portero Barahona, Edgar Salas, Carolina Tufiño, Bernardo Bastidas, Le Duc Dung, Kayoko Morishita, Takayuki Takarada, Jin M. Triolo, Alastair J. Ward, Lene Pedersen, Sven G. Sommer, K.L. Chin, P.S. H’ng, Hongbin Cheng, Lei Wang, Adina-Elena Segneanu, Florentina Sziple, Paulina Vlazan, Paula Sfarloaga, Iaon Grozesku, Vasile Daniel Gherman, Shurong Wang, Werther Guidi, Frédéric E. Pitre, Michel Labrecque Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2013 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Marina Jozipovic Typesetting InTech Prepress, Novi Sad Cover InTech Design Team First published April, 2013 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from [email protected] Biomass Now – Sustainable Growth and Use, Edited by Miodrag Darko Matovic p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-1105-4 Contents Preface IX Section 1 Biomass Sustainability 1 Chapter 1 Biomass as Potential Sustainable Development Driver – Case of Bosnia and Herzegovina 3 Petar Gvero, Semin Petrovic, Sasa Papuga and Milovan Kotur Chapter 2 Cereal Canopy Structure – Its Assessment and Use in Efficient Crop Management 35 Jan Křen, Tamara Dryšlová, Lubomír Neudert and Vojtěch Lukas Chapter 3 The Oil Palm Wastes in Malaysia 75 N. Abdullah and F. Sulaiman Chapter 4 Biosorption of Lanthanides Using Select Marine Biomass 101 Naoki Kano Section 2 Biomass Systems 127 Chapter 5 Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) to Assess the Nutritional State of Plants 129 Ademar Pereira Serra, Marlene Estevão Marchetti, Davi José Bungenstab, Maria Anita Gonçalves da Silva, Rosilene Pereira Serra, Franklyn Clawdy Nunes Guimarães, Vanessa Do Amaral Conrad and Henrique Soares de Morais Chapter 6 Bioprocess Modeling and Control 147 Mihai Caramihai and Irina Severin Chapter 7 A Comparative Study on Energy Use and Cost Analysis of Rice Varieties Under Traditional and Semi-Mechanized Farming Systems in North of Iran 171 Ebrahim Azarpour and Maral Moraditochaee VI Contents Section 3 Biomass for Energy 207 Chapter 8 Continuous Agave Juice Fermentation for Producing Bioethanol 209 Dulce María Díaz-Montaño Chapter 9 Sequential Anaerobic-Aerobic Phase Strategy Using Microbial Granular Sludge for Textile Wastewater Treatment 231 Khalida Muda, Azmi Aris, Mohd Razman Salim and Zaharah Ibrahim Chapter 10 Second Generation Ethanol from Residual Biomass: Research and Perspectives in Ecuador 265 Enrique Javier Carvajal Barriga, Cristina Guamán-Burneo, Patricia Portero Barahona, Edgar Salas, Carolina Tufiño, Bernardo Bastidas Chapter 11 Catalytic Decomposition of Biomass Tars at Low-Temperature 285 Le Duc Dung, Kayoko Morishita and Takayuki Takarada Chapter 12 Characteristics of Animal Slurry as a Key Biomass for Biogas Production in Denmark 307 Jin M. Triolo, Alastair J. Ward, Lene Pedersen and Sven G. Sommer Section 4 Biomass Processing 327 Chapter 13 A Real Story of Bioethanol from Biomass: Malaysia Perspective 329 K.L. Chin and P.S. H’ng Chapter 14 Lignocelluloses Feedstock Biorefinery as Petrorefinery Substitutes 347 Hongbin Cheng and Lei Wang Chapter 15 Biomass Extraction Methods 389 Adina-Elena Segneanu, Florentina Sziple, Paulina Vlazan, Paula Sfarloaga, Iaon Grozesku and Vasile Daniel Gherman Chapter 16 High-Efficiency Separation of Bio-Oil 401 Shurong Wang Section 5 Biomass Production 419 Chapter 17 Short-Rotation Coppice of Willows for the Production of Biomass in Eastern Canada 421 Werther Guidi, Frédéric E. Pitre and Michel Labrecque Contents VII Chapter 18 Microbial Biomass in Batch and Continuous System 449 Onofre Monge Amaya, María Teresa Certucha Barragán and Francisco Javier Almendariz Tapia Chapter 19 Development of Sustainable Willow Short Rotation Forestry in Northern Europe 479 Theo Verwijst, Anneli Lundkvist, Stina Edelfeldt and Johannes Albertsson Chapter 20 Artemia, a New Source of Animal Protein Ingredient in Poultry Nutrition 503 A. Zarei Chapter 21 Biomass from the Sea 511 Ernesto A. Chávez and Alejandra Chávez-Hidalgo Chapter 22 Characeae Biomass: Is the Subject Exhausted? 523 Carlos E. de M. Bicudo and Norma C. Bueno Preface The increase in biomass related research and applications is driven by overall higher interest in sustainable energy and food sources, by increased awareness of potentials and pitfalls of using biomass for energy, by the concerns for food supply and by multitude of potential biomass uses as a source material in organic chemistry, bringing in the concept of bio-refinery. The present, two volume, Biomass book reflects that trend in broadening of biomass related research. Its total of 40 chapters spans over diverse areas of biomass research, grouped into 9 themes. The first volume starts with the Biomass Sustainability and Biomass Systems sections, dealing with broader issues of biomass availability, methods for biomass assessment and potentials for its sustainable use. The increased tendency to take a second look at how much biomass is really and sustainably available is reflected in these sections, mainly applied to biomass for energy use. Similarly, Biomass for Energy section specifically groups chapters that deal with the application of biomass in the energy field. Notably, the chapters in this section are focused to those applications that deal with waste and second generation biofuels, minimizing the conflict between biomass as feedstock and biomass for energy. Next is the Biomass Processing section which covers various aspects of the second-generation bio-fuel generation, focusing on more sustainable processing practices. The section on Biomass Production covers short- rotation (terrestrial) energy crops and aquatic feedstock crops. The second volume continues the theme of production with the Biomass Cultivation section, further expanding on cultivation methods for energy, the feedstock crops and microbial biomass production. It is followed by the Bio-reactors section dealing with various aspects of bio-digestion and overall bio-reactor processes. Two more chapters dealing with aquatic microbial and phytoplankton growth technologies are grouped into the Aquatic Biomass section, followed by the Novel Biomass Utilization section which concludes the second volume. I sincerely hope that the wide variety of topics covered in this two-volume edition will readily find the audience among researchers, students, policy makers and all others with interest in biomass as a renewable and (if we are careful) sustainable source of organic material for ever wider spectrum of its potential uses. I also hope that further X Preface exploration of second-generation energy sources from biomass will help in resolving the conflict of biomass for food and biomass for energy. Miodrag Darko Matovic, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada