Biomass, Biofuels, Biochemicals: Green-Economy: Systems Analysis for Sustainability

420 Pages·2021·54.95 MB·English

by  Ganti S. Murthy, Edgard Gnansounou, Samir Kumar Khanal, Ashok Pandey

BIOMASS, BIOFUELS,
BIOCHEMICALS
Series Editor
Ashok Pandey
Centre for Innovation and Translational Research,
CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research,
Lucknow, India
BIOMASS, BIOFUELS,
BIOCHEMICALS
G -e : S
reen conomy yStemS
A S
nAlySiS for uStAinAbility
Edited by
GANTI S. MURTHY
Biological and Ecological Engineering, Oregon State University,
Corvallis, OR, United States; Biosciences and Biomedical
Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, India
EDGARD GNANSOUNOU
Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), School of
Environment, Civil Engineering, and Architecture, Institute of Civil
Engineering, Bioenergy and Energy Planning Research Group,
Lausanne, Switzerland
SAMIR KUMAR KHANAL
Department of Molecular Biosciences & Bioengineering, University
of Hawai’i at Manoa, Honolulu, USA; Department of Biology, Hong
Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
ASHOK PANDEY
Centre for Innovation and Translational Research, CSIR-Indian
Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
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Contents
Contributors xi
Preface xiii
1. Systems analysis and its relevance for the sustainability transitions 1
Ganti S. Murthy, Ashok Pandey
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Importance of systems analysis for sustainable development 2
1.3 Understanding the systems 3
1.4 Structure and behavior of systems 4
1.5 Making sense of data and understanding bias in analyzing systems 12
1.6 Relevance of systems analysis for a transition to bioeconomy 13
1.7 Conclusions and perspectives 15
References 15
2. Techno-economic assessment 17
Ganti S. Murthy
2.1 Introduction 17
2.2 Different methods used in techno-economic analysis/a ssessment 17
2.3 Basic Steps of techno-economic analysis/assessment 18
2.4 Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis 22
2.5 Real option analysis 24
2.6 Tools, software, and data sources to conduct techno-economic analysis/assessment 25
2.7 Worked example 26
2.8 Conclusions and perspectives 29
References 30
3. Environmental impacts 33
Ganti S. Murthy
3.1 Introduction 33
3.2 Methods used for assessing the environmental impacts 33
3.3 Life cycle assessment 37
3.4 Life cycle assessment/analysis methodology 39
3.5 Life cycle assessment/analysis software and life cycle inventory databases 47
3.6 Worked example 48
3.7 Perspectives 50
3.8 Conclusions and perspectives 50
References 50
v
vi Contents
4. Environmental risk assessment 53
Ganti S. Murthy
4.1 Introduction 53
4.2 What is risk analysis? 54
4.3 Risk analysis method 56
4.4 Databases, tools, and software 65
4.5 Examples 65
4.6 Perspectives 69
4.7 Conclusions and perspectives 73
References 73
5. Resource assessment 75
Ganti S. Murthy
5.1 Introduction 75
5.2 Land resources 76
5.3 Water resources 81
5.4 Nutrient resources 86
5.5 Metals and minerals 90
5.6 Examples 91
5.7 Conclusions and perspectives 96
References 96
6. Policy, governance, and social aspects 99
Ganti S. Murthy
6.1 Introduction 99
6.2 Complexities of policy making 99
6.3 Commonly used policy making models 101
6.4 Policy making frameworks 103
6.5 Social and governance aspects 105
6.6 Case studies 106
6.7 Conclusions and perspectives 109
References 110
7. Resilience thinking 113
Ganti S. Murthy
7.1 Introduction 113
7.2 Understanding and quantifying resilience 115
7.3 Resilience thinking in systems analysis 123
7.4 Conclusions and perspectives 124
References 126
Contents vii
8. General logic-based method for assessing the greenness
of products and systems 127
Edgard Gnansounou
8.1 Introduction 127
8.2 The sustainability value added 129
8.3 The logic-based model 131
8.4 Application for assessing the sustainability of products and systems 135
8.5 Conclusions and perspectives 145
References 145
9. A systems analysis of first- and second-generation ethanol
in the United States 147
Ganti S. Murthy
9.1 Introduction 147
9.2 Systems analysis of ethanol technologies 153
9.3 Conclusions and perspectives 172
References 172
10. Solar energy in India 175
Ganti S. Murthy
10.1 Introduction 175
10.2 Development of solar energy in India 180
10.3 Challenges to solar energy in India 182
10.4 Innovative responses to the challenges 188
10.5 Overall scenario 191
10.6 Conclusions and perspectives 192
References 193
11. A systems analysis of solar and wind energy in the United States 195
Kyle Proctor, Ganti S. Murthy
11.1 Introduction 195
11.2 Technical feasibility analysis 196
11.3 Environmental Impact assessment 199
11.4 Resource sustainability analysis 201
11.5 Policy, governance, and social impact analysis 205
11.6 Conclusions and perspectives 207
References 207
12. Biofuels and bioproducts in India 209
Ganti S. Murthy
12.1 Introduction 209
12.2 Systems analysis of biofuel technologies 209
viii Contents
12.3 Resource assessment for bioethanol from agricultural residues 210
12.4 Techno-economic analysis 216
12.5 Environmental impact assessment 222
12.6 Policy and social aspects of biofuels in India 224
12.7 Conclusions and perspectives 228
References 229
13. A case study on integrated systems analysis for biomethane use 231
Sarath C. Gowd, Deepak Kumar, Karthik Rajendran
13.1 Introduction 231
13.2 Dimensions of systems analysis 233
13.3 Case study of Ireland for biomethane use 238
13.4 Conclusions and perspectives 240
References 241
14. Alternative ammonia production processes and the use of renewables 243
Gal Hochman, Alan Goldman, Frank A. Felder
14.1 Introduction 243
14.2 Ammonia production via current practices 244
14.3 Haber–Bosch using electrochemical H production (E/H–B) 248
2
14.4 Direct electrochemical nitrogen reduction 248
14.5 Conclusions and perspectives 255
References 256
15. Regional strategy of advanced biofuels for transportation in West Africa 259
Edgard Gnansounou, Bénédicte Nsalambi
15.1 Introduction 259
15.2 Case of West Africa 261
15.3 Conclusions and perspectives 274
References 277
16. Advanced biofuels for transportation in West Africa: Common
referential state-based strategies 279
Edgard Gnansounou, Elia Ruiz Pachón
16.1 Introduction 279
16.2 Types of feedstock for advanced biofuels 281
16.3 Biofuels for transportation 283
16.4 Cases of West African states 287
16.5 Conclusions and perspectives 309
References 309
Contents ix
17. Semantic sustainability characterization of biorefineries: A logic-based model 311
Edgard Gnansounou, Catarina M. Alves, Elia Ruiz Pachón, Pavel Vaskan
17.1 Introduction 311
17.2 The problematic of sustainability characterization 313
17.3 Case study 316
17.4 Conclusions and perspectives 337
References 338
18. Solid biofuels 343
Ashish Manandhar, Seyed Hashem Mousavi-Avval, Jaden Tatum, Esha Shrestha,
Parisa Nazemi, Ajay Shah
18.1 Introduction 343
18.2 Solid biofuel types 344
18.3 Solid biofuel properties 348
18.4 Chemical properties 350
18.5 Costs of solid biofuels supply 352
18.6 Life-cycle environmental impacts 355
18.7 Solid biofuel policies 361
18.8 Opportunities for using solid biofuels 363
18.9 Challenges for solid biofuels 363
18.10 Conclusions and perspectives 365
References 365
19. Potential value-added products from wineries residues 371
Prasad Mandade, Edgard Gnansounou
19.1 Introduction 371
19.2 A large diversity of wastes/residues of grape 373
19.3 Valorization of the residues and wastes 375
19.4 Proposed biorefinery scenario using zero-waste cascading valorization
of wastes and residues 387
19.5 Conclusions and perspectives 390
References 391
Index 397