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3 Series: Sustainable Energy Developments 3 Global energy use is approximately 140 000 TWh per year. Interestingly, biomass production amounts to approximately 270 000 TWh per year, or roughly twice as much, whereas the offi cial Dahlquist fi gure of biomass use for energy applications is 10-13% of the global energy use. This shows that biomass is not a marginal energy resource but more than capable of meeting all our energy and food needs, provided it is used effi ciently. The use of food in generating energy has been extensively debated, but there is actually no need for it given the comprehensive resources available from agriculture and forestry waste. This book discusses the biomass resources available and aspects like effi cient energy use. One B way of using energy effi ciently is to use waste biomass or cellulosic materials in biorefi neries, io where production of fi bers and products from fi bers is combined with production of most m a chemicals we need in our daily life. Such products include clothes, soap, perfume, medicines etc. s s Conventional pulp and paper applications, bio-fuel for vehicles and even fuel for aviation as well a as heat and power production are covered. The problem with biomass is not availability, but the s E diffi culty to use the resources effi ciently without harming the long-term productivity. n Biomass as Energy Source e This book covers all types of resources on a global scale, making it unique. Many researchers r g from all over the world have contributed to give a good coverage of all the different international y perspectives. S Resources, Systems and Applications o This book will provide facts and inspiration to professionals, engineers, researchers, and students u r as well as to those working for various authorities and organizations. c e SUSTAINABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENTS – VOLUME 3 ISSN 2164-0645 R e s The book series addresses novel techniques and measures related to sustainable energy o u developments with an interdisciplinary focus that cuts across all fi elds of science, engineering rc e and technology linking renewable energy and other sustainable materials with human society. It s addresses renewable energy sources and sustainable policy options, including energy effi ciency , Sy s and energy conservation to provide long-term solutions for key-problems of industrialized, t e m developing and transition countries by fostering clean and domestically available energy and, s concurrently, decreasing dependence on fossil fuel imports and reducing greenhouse gas a n emissions. Possible applications will be addressed not only from a technical point of view, but d A also from economic, fi nancial, social, political, legislative and regulatory viewpoints. The book p p series aims to become a state-of-the-art source for a large group of readers comprising different lic stakeholders and professionals, including government and non-governmental organizations and a t institutions, international funding agencies, universities, public health and energy institutions, io n and other relevant institutions. s SERIES EDITOR: Jochen Bundschuh Editor: Erik Dahlquist an informa business BIOMASSASENERGYSOURCE:RESOURCES,SYSTEMSANDAPPLICATIONS Sustainable Energy Developments Series Editor Jochen Bundschuh UniversityofSouthernQueensland(USQ),Toowoomba,Australia RoyalInstituteofTechnology(KTH),Stockholm,Sweden ISSN:2164-0645 Volume 3 Biomass as Energy Source: Resources, Systems and Applications Editor: ErikDahlquist SchoolofSustainableDevelopmentofSocietyandTechnology, MalardalenUniversity,HögskoleplanVasteras,Sweden CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 20130427 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-203-12025-5 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. 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Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com About the book series Renewableenergysourcesandsustainablepolicies,includingthepromotionofenergyefficiency andenergyconservation, offersubstantiallong-termbenefitstoindustrialized, developingand transitionalcountries.Theyprovideaccesstocleananddomesticallyavailableenergyandleadto adecreaseddependenceonfossilfuelimports,andareductioningreenhousegasemissions. Replacingfossilfuelswithrenewableresourcesaffordsasolutiontotheincreasedscarcityand priceoffossilfuels.Additionallyithelpstoreduceanthropogenicemissionofgreenhousegases andtheirimpactsonclimatechange.Intheenergysector,fossilfuelscanbereplacedbyrenewable energysources.Inthechemistrysector,petroleumchemistrycanbereplacedbysustainableor greenchemistry.Inagriculture,sustainablemethodscanbeusedthatenablesoilstoactascarbon dioxidesinks.Intheconstructionsector,sustainablebuildingpracticeandgreenconstructioncan beused,replacingforexamplesteel-enforcedconcretebytextile-reinforcedconcrete.Research anddevelopmentandcapitalinvestmentsinallthesesectorswillnotonlycontributetoclimate protectionbutwillalsostimulateeconomicgrowthandcreatemillionsofnewjobs. This book series will serve as a multi-disciplinary resource. It links the use of renewable energyandrenewablerawmaterials,suchassustainablygrownplants,withtheneedsofhuman society.Theseriesaddressestherapidlygrowingworldwideinterestinsustainablesolutions.These solutionsfosterdevelopmentandeconomicgrowthwhileprovidingasecuresupplyofenergy. Theymakesocietylessdependentonpetroleumbysubstitutingalternativecompoundsforfossil- fuel-based goods. All these contribute to minimize our impacts on climate change. The series covers all fields of renewable energy sources and materials. It addresses possible applications notonlyfromatechnicalpointofview, butalsofromeconomic, financial, socialandpolitical viewpoints.Legislativeandregulatoryaspects,keyissuesforimplementingsustainablemeasures, areofparticularinterest. Thisbookseriesaimstobecomeastate-of-the-artresourceforabroadgroupofreadersinclud- ingadiversityofstakeholdersandprofessionals.Readerswillincludemembersofgovernmental andnon-governmentalorganizations,internationalfundingagencies,universities,publicenergy institutions,therenewableindustrysector,thegreenchemistrysector,organicfarmersandfarm- ingindustry,publichealthandotherrelevantinstitutions,andthebroaderpublic.Itisdesigned to increase awareness and understanding of renewable energy sources and the use of sustain- ablematerials.Itaimsalsotoacceleratetheirdevelopmentanddeploymentworldwide,bringing theiruseintothemainstreamoverthenextfewdecadeswhilesystematicallyreplacingfossiland nuclearfuels. The objective of this book series is to focus on practical solutions in the implementation of sustainableenergyandclimateprotectionprojects.Notmovingforwardwiththeseeffortscould haveserioussocialandeconomicimpacts.Thisbookserieswillhelptoconsolidateinternational findings on sustainable solutions. It includes books authored and edited by world-renowned scientistsandengineersandbyleadingauthoritiesinineconomicsandpolitics.Itwillprovidea valuablereferenceworktohelpsurmountourexistingglobalchallenges. JochenBundschuh (SeriesEditor) vii Editorial board MorganBazilian DeputyDirector,InstituteforStrategicEnergyAnalysis(JISEA), NationalRenewableEnergyLab(NREL),Golden,CO,USA, [email protected] RobertK.Dixon Leader,ClimateandChemicals,TheGlobalEnvironmentFacility, TheWorldBankGroup,Washington,DC,USA,[email protected] MariadaGraçaCarvalho MemberoftheEuropeanParliament,Brussels&Professor atInstitutoSuperiorTécnico,TechnicalUniversityofLisbon, Portugal,[email protected], [email protected] RainerHinrichs-Rahlwes PresidentoftheEuropeanRenewableEnergiesFederation(EREF); BoardMemberoftheGermanRenewableEnergyFederation(BEE), Berlin,Germany,[email protected] VeenaJoshi SeniorAdvisor-Energy,SectionClimateChangeandDevelopment, EmbassyofSwitzerland,NewDelhi,India,[email protected] EricMartinot SeniorResearchDirector,InstituteforSustainableEnergyPolicies (ISEP),Nakano,Tokyo&TsinghuaUniversity,Tsinghua-BPClean EnergyResearchandEducationCenter,Beijing,China, [email protected],[email protected] ChristineMilne LeaderoftheAustralianGreensParty,SenatorforTasmania, ParliamentHouse,Canberra,ACT&Hobart,TAS,Australia ADVISORYEDITORIALBOARD SureshK.Aggarwal (combustionsimulations, renewablefuels), UniversityofIllinoisat Chicago,IL,USA IshfaqAhmad (greencomputing),UniversityofTexasatArlington,TX,USA SergioM.Alcocer (oceanenergy),InstitutodeIngenieríaUNAM,MexicoDF,Mexico SaidAl-Hallaj (hybridhydrogensystems,solarwaterdesalination),Chairman/CEO AllCellTechnologies,LLC,&DepartmentofChemicalEngineering, UniversityofIllinoisatChicago,Chicago,IL,USA KhaledA.Al-Sallal (lowenergyarchitecture), FacultyofEngineering, UAEUniversity, Al-Ain,UAE HussainAl-Towaie (solarpowerforseawaterdesalination),UniversityofAden, Almansoora,Aden,Yemen GaryL.Amy (renewableenergyfordesalinationandwatertreatment), Director,WaterDesalinationandReuseResearchCenter, KingAbdullahUniversityofScienceandTechnology (KAUST),SaudiArabia KalyanAnnamalai (combustion,biomass,animalwaste,energyconversion), TexasA&MUniversity,CollegeStation,TX,USA ix