Biomarkers for early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease

318 Pages·2008·9.82 MB·English

by  Daniela Galimberti

B E D
IOMARKERS FOR ARLY IAGNOSIS
OF ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE

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B E D
IOMARKERS FOR ARLY IAGNOSIS
OF ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE

DANIELA GALIMBERTI AND ELIO SCARPINI
EDITORS

Nova Biomedical Books
New York
Copyright © 2008 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc.

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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA

Biomarkers for early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease / Daniela Galimberti and Elio Scarpani,
editors.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-60876-317-7 (E-Book)
1. Alzheimer's disease--Diagnosis. 2. Biochemical markers. I. Galimberti, Daniela. II. Scarpani,
Elio.
[DNLM: 1. Alzheimer Disease--diagnosis. 2. Alzheimer Disease--metabolism. 3. Biological
Markers--metabolism. 4. Early Diagnosis. WT 155 B6155 2008]
RC523.B58 2008
616.8'31075--dc22
2008027815

Published by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. (cid:30) New York
CONTENTS

Preface ix
Chapter I Mild Cognitive Impairment 1
Ilaria Guidi and Daniela Galimberti
Chapter II ”Cogmarkers” for the Diagnosis of
Dementia of the Alzheimer Type 11
A. Monti, B. Poletti and S. Zago
Chapter III The Role of Neuroimaging in the early
Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease 29
Valentina Garibotto and Daniela Perani
Chapter IV Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers
for Alzheimer’s Disease 67
Eliana Venturelli, Chiara Villa
and Elio Scarpini
Chapter V Alzheimer’s Disease Biomarkers:
From Concept to Clinical Utility 81
Hugo Vanderstichele, Geert De Meyer,
Fred Shapiro, Sebastiaan Engelborghs,
Peter Paul De Deyn, Leslie M Shaw
and John Q. Trojanowski
Chapter VI The CSF Analysis in Dementia 123
Axel Petzold
Chapter VII Inflammation Related Factors: Role in
Alzheimer’s Disease and use as Biomarker 157
R. Veerhuis, S. D. Mulder, N. A. Verwey,
C. Mulder, C. E. Hack, J. J. M. Hoozemans,
M. A. Blankenstein and P. Eikelenboom
vi Contents
Chapter VIII The Leukocyte Expression of CD36 and
other Biomarkers: Risk Indicators of Alzheimer’s Disease 211
Antonello E. Rigamonti, Sara M. Bonomo,
Marialuisa Giunta, Eugenio E. Müller,
Maria G. Gagliano and Silvano G. Cella
Chapter IX The Role of Oxidative Stress and Vasoactive Substances
in the Pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s Disease 241
Gjumrakch Aliev, Celia J. Cobb, Gerardo Pacheco,
Justin C. Shenk, Paula I. Moreira, Ludis A. Morales,
Kathryn Fischbach, Eldar Gasimov and George Perry
Chapter X Role of Apolipoprotein E in Neurodegeneration 265
Carlo Lovati
Index 281
PREFACE

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by the deposition into the brain of amyloid
peptide, which originates a cascade of inflammatory events leading eventually to neuronal
death. These pathological events likely occur several years before the clinical manifestation
of the disease, implying that potential therapeutical interventions are currently started too late
to give beneficial results. Recently, growing attention has been paid to the Mild Cognitive
Impairment (MCI), considered the prodromal phase of AD, as 80% of subjects with MCI
have been shown to develop AD within 5 years. Several studies aimed to identify biological
markers to differentiate between normal aging and incipient AD have been carried out,
including cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis and neuroimaging. In particular, the evaluation
of CSF Amyloid beta (1-42) levels, together with tau and phospotau, are of help for
recognizing early AD. Besides, a number of additional molecules are altered in CSF. Other
early modifications have been observed in peripheral cells, such as fibroblasts and
leukocytes, as well as in serum from patients. Biomarkers for AD represent important tools
supporting the clinical diagnosis and the choice of potential therapeutic options. Moreover,
they would be of great help for the selection of cohorts of homogeneous patients for clinical
trials with new disease-modifying compounds.
This book is aimed to give an update about MCI as prodromal Alzheimer’s disease (AD),
to discuss the main known pathological mechanisms at the basis of AD and to describe the
possible biomarkers to be used for an early diagnosis of the disease.