Biomarkers for Antioxidant Defense and Oxidative Damage

381 Pages·2010·5.29 MB·English

by  Giancarlo Aldini

Biomarkers for
Antioxidant Defense and
Oxidative Damage:
Principles and
Practical Applications

Biomarkers for
Antioxidant Defense and
Oxidative Damage:
Principles and
Practical Applications
Edited By
Giancarlo Aldini
Kyung-Jin Yeum
Etsuo Niki
Robert M. Russell
A John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Publication
Edition f rst published 2010
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Biomarkers for antioxidant defense and oxidative damage : principles and practical applications /
edited by Giancarlo Aldini . . . [eatl .].
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-8138-1535-0 (hardback : alk. paper)
1. Antioxidants. 2. Oxidative stress. 3. Active oxygen. 4. Biochemical markers.
I. Aldini, Giancarlo.
[DNLM: 1. Biological Markers. 2. Antioxidants–physiology. 3. Oxidative
Stress–physiology. QW 541 B6159 2010]
RB170.B566 2010
613.2 ′86–dc22
2010011386
ISBN 9780813815350
A catalog record for this book is available from the U.S. Library of Congress.
Set in 9.5 on 11 pt Times New Roman by Toppan Best-set Premedia Limited
Printed in Singapore
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1 2010
Contents
Preface vii
Contributors ix
1. Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress: An Overview 3
Kyung-Jin Yeum, Robert M. Russell, and Giancarlo Aldini
2. Enzymatic Antioxidant Defenses 21
Sayuri Miyamoto, Hirofumi Arai, and Junji Terao
3. Antioxidants as Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress 35
Ikuyo Ichi and Shosuke Kojo
4. LDL Oxidation as a Biomarker of Antioxidant Status 51
Mohsen Meydani, EunHee Kong, and Ashley Knight
5. The Isoprostanes: Accurate Markers and Potent Mediators of Oxidant Injury
in Vivo 65
Joshua D. Brooks, Brian E. Cox, Klarissa D. Hardy, Stephanie C. Sanchez,
Sonia Tourino, Tyler H. Koestner, Jocelyn R. Hyman-Howard, and Ginger L. Milne
6. Hydroxyoctadecadienoic Acid (HODE) as a Marker of Linoleic
Acid Oxidation 85
Yasukazu Yoshida and Etsuo Niki
7. Oxysterols: Potential Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress 99
Luigi Iuliano and Ulf Diczfalusy
8. Lipid Peroxidation Originating α,β-unsaturated Aldehydes and Their Metabolites
as Biomarkers 117
Françoise Guéraud
v
vi Contents
9. Oxidative Modif cation of Proteins: An Overview 137
Paul J. Thornalley and Naila Rabbani
10. Immunochemical Detection of Lipid Peroxidation-specif c Epitopes 157
Koji Uchida
11. Mass Spectrometric Strategies for Identif cation and Characterization of
Carbonylated Peptides and Proteins 173
Marina Carini and Marica Orioli
12. Nitrotyrosine: Quantitative Analysis, Mapping in Proteins, and Biological
Signif cance 199
José M. Souza, Silvina Bartesaghi, Gonzalo Peluffo, and Rafael Radi
13. Ubiquitin Conjugates: A Sensitive Marker of Oxidative Stress 219
Fu Shang and Allen Taylor
14. Covalent Modif cations of Albumin Cys34 as a Biomarker of Mild Oxidative
Stress 229
Giancarlo Aldini, Kyung-Jin Yeum, and Giulio Vistoli
15. Protein S-glutathionylation and S-cysteinylation 243
Graziano Colombo, Aldo Milzani, Roberto Colombo, and Isabella Dalle-Donne
16. DNA Oxidation, Antioxidant Effects, and DNA Repair Measured with the
Comet Assay 261
Mária Dušinská and Andrew R. Collins
17. Hydroxylated Nucleotides: Measurement and Utility as Biomarkers for DNA
Damage, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidant Eff cacy 283
Phyllis E. Bowen
18. Exocyclic DNA Adducts as Biomarkers of Antioxidant Defense and
Oxidative Stress 319
Roger W.L. Godschalk
Index 333
Preface
Oxidative damage is known to be associated with the aging process and v arious chronic dis-
eases such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, cataract, macular degeneration, and Alzheimer ’ s disease.
Oxidative damage may be either a cause or an effect; therefore, its accurate measurement using
sensitive and specif c biomarker is greatly needed by the scientif c community. When oxidative
damage acts as a causati ve factor of disease, its biomark ers can be a useful tool to better
understand the pathogenic mechanisms involved, f nd novel drug targets, and evaluate effective
defense strategies such as phar maceuticals, nutraceuticals, or food and deri vatives. When
oxidative stress is the disease ’ s effect, its measurement could pro vide early prediction of the
onset and pro gression for the disease. Hence, o xidative stress biomark ers can be used for
diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment eff cacy.
Although signif cant methodological advances have been made since the de velopment of
thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and total carbonyl assays, which were widely
used in 1980s and 1990s for measuring oxidative damage, the achievement of a gold standard
method to determine antioxidant defense/oxidative damage status is not yet at hand. The devel-
opment and application of v arious biomarkers for measuring antio xidant defense/oxidative
damage is an evolving research area. Biomarkers of oxidative damage can be classif ed as either
direct or indirect methods. Direct methods measure the oxidation products involving substrates
such as lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Indirect methods measure antio xidant status b y
analyzing endogenous levels of enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants, as well as the resis-
tance of a biological matrix to an induced oxidative stress.
This book describes the methodolo gical principles of cur rent state - of - the - art methods for
measuring antioxidant activity/oxidative stress and their practical applications. In par ticular,
the f rst three chapters describe conventional biomarkers as well as recent advances for measur-
ing antioxidants and antioxidant capacity. Basic concepts and methodolo gies of widely used
assays and their applications are critically evaluated. In addition, factors affecting antioxidant
capacity in a biological system as well as the biological relevance of hydrophilic and lipophilic
capacity assays are discussed.
Determination of o xidative damage using lipid pero xidation products and metabolites
is covered in chapters 4 through 7 . In par ticular the follo wing specif c biomarkers for
lipid peroxidation are considered: isoprostanes (arachidonic acid C20:4 o xidation products),
vii
viii Pref ace
hydroxyloctadecaenoic acid (linoleic acid C18:2 o xidation products), oxysterols (cholesterol
oxidation products), and reactive carbonyl species from lipid peroxidation. Chapters 9 through
11 cover an outstanding area in biomarker discovery, that of protein oxidation. After an intro-
duction on oxidative modif cations of proteins, recent advances in the measurement of carbon-
yls adducted proteins by antibodies and mass spectrometr y are discussed. These chapters are
followed by discussions of the recent de velopment on protein tyrosine nitration (Chapter 12 )
and ubiquitin -c onjugates (Chapter 13) to deter mine mild and se vere oxidative damage.
Biomarkers that have recently been developed thanks to cutting - edge technology, which deter-
mines oxidative modif cations of protein thiols, are presented in chapters 14 and 15 .
Well recognized biomarkers as well as recently developed biomarkers for DNA oxidative
damage and their application in humans are discussed in chapters 16 through 18 . In particular,
methodological aspects for the measurement of DN A oxidation (comet assay, hydroxylated
nucleotides, and exocyclic DNA adducts) are described, together with their implication in rela-
tion to chronic diseases.
We believe that the cur rent book will be of a g reat interest to scientists w ho are involved
in basic research on o xidation, applied scientists e valuating the effects of nutraceuticals or
pharmaceutical compounds on antioxidant activity/oxidative status, and physicians who want
to understand the degree of oxidative damage in patients with specif c chronic diseases.