Biology, Seventh Edition

1251 Pages·2004·114.33 MB·English

by  Eldra Solomon

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Biolog y
Seventh Edition
Eldra P.Solomon
University ofSouth Florida
Linda R.Berg
St.Petersburg College
Diana W.Martin
Rutgers University
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About the Cover Spain/Portugal
Two red-eyed tree frogs (Agalychnis callidryas) peer over a leaf. Paraninfo
Native to Central and South America, these brightly colored frogs Calle/Magallanes,25
inhabit lowland tropical rain forests near water. They are nocturnal 28015 Madrid,Spain
animals and sleep attached to leaves during the day. They blend into
the foliage quite well, because they cover the colorful parts of their Library ofCongress Control Number:2003107210
bodies when sleeping. The bulging red eyes, red feet, and blue and
yellow stripes along the sides of their bodies are thought to startle Student Edition:ISBN 0-534-49276-2
potential predators who come upon them during the day when they Instructor’s Edition:ISBN 0-534-49547-8
are sleeping. The little frogs open their eyes and leap, exposing all their
colors and for a brief moment confusing the would-be predator. When
red-eyed tree frogs mate, the female deposits her eggs on a leaf that
overhangs the water. When the eggs hatch, the tadpoles drop into the
water, where they live and continue to develop.
DEDICATION
To our families, friends, and colleagues who gave freely of
their love, support, knowledge, and time as we prepared
this seventh edition of Biology. . .
Especially to . . .
Rabbi TheodoreandFreda Brod
Alan,Jennifer, and Corey
ChuckandMargaret
In Memoriam
Claude A. Villee, Andelot Professor Emeritus of Biological
Chemistry, Harvard Medical School; BiologyCo-Author,
editions 1–4
Yuichiro Hiraizumi, Emeritus Professor of Zoology,
University of Texas at Austin
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ABOUT THE AUTHORS
ELDRA P.SOLOMONhas written sev- DIANA W. MARTIN is the Director
eral leading college-level textbooks in of General Biology, Division of Life
biology and in human anatomy and Sciences, at Rutgers University, New
physiology.Her books have been trans- Brunswick Campus. She received an
lated into more than 10 languages.Dr. M.S.at Florida State University,where
Solomon earned an M.S.from the Uni- she studied the chromosomes of re-
versity ofFlorida and an M.A.and Ph.D. lated plant species to understand their
from the University of South Florida. evolutionary relationships.She earned
She is an adjunct professor and mem- a Ph.D. at the University of Texas at
ber ofthe Graduate Faculty at the Uni- Austin,where she studied the genetics
versity of South Florida. Dr. Solomon ofthe fruit fly,Drosophila melanogaster,
taught biology and nursing students and then conducted postdoctoral re-
for more than 20 years. search at Princeton University. She has taught general biology
Dr.Solomon is a biopsychologist as well as a biologist with a and other courses at Rutgers for more than 20 years and has been
special interest in the neurophysiology of traumatic experience. involved in writing textbooks since 1988.She is immensely grateful
Her research has focused on the relationships among stress,emo- that her decision to study biology in college has led to a career that
tions,and health.In her clinical work,she specializes in health allows her many ways to share her excitement about all aspects of
psychology and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder.Dr.Solomon has biology.
served as Clinical Director ofthe Center for Mental Health Ed-
ucation,Assessment,and Therapy since 1992.
Dr. Solomon has been recognized nationally and interna-
tionally. She was an Invited Scientist to the XVth Congress of
Scientific Investigation, sponsored by Interamerican University
ofPuerto Rico,where she presented the Plenary Session,“Mind-
Body Connections—An Introduction to Psychoneuroimmunol-
ogy.”She has been profiled more than 20 times in leading publi-
cations,including Who’s Who in America,Who’s Who in Science
and Engineering,Who’s Who in Medicine and Healthcare,Who’s
Who in American Education, Who’s Who of American Women,
andWho’s Who in the World.
LINDA R.BERGis an award-winning
teacher and textbook author. She re-
ceived a B.S. in science education, an
M.S. in botany, and a Ph.D. in plant
physiology from the University of
Maryland. Her research focused on
the evolutionary implications of ster-
oid biosynthetic pathways in various
organisms.
Dr.Berg taught at the University of
Maryland at College Park for 17 years
and is presently an Adjunct Professor at
St. Petersburg College in Florida. During her career, she has
taught introductory courses in biology, botany, and environ-
mental science to thousands of students. At the University of
Maryland,she received numerous teaching and service awards.Dr.
Berg is also the recipientof many national and regional awards,
including the National Science Teachers Association Award for
Innovations in College Science Teaching, the Nation’s Capital
Area Disabled Student Services Award, and the Washington
Academy ofSciences Award in University Science Teaching.
During her career as a professional science writer,Dr.Berg
has authored or co-authored several leading college science text-
books.Her writing reflects her teaching style and love ofscience.
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Preface
Biology is an exciting and dynamic science that affects every as- INTRODUCING
pect ofour lives from our health and behavior to the challenging
OUR LEARNING SYSTEM
environmental issues that confront us.Recent discoveries in the
biological sciences have increased our understanding ofboth the
Wehave developed a text that is enjoyable to read,with a well-
unity and diversity oflife’s processes and adaptations.With this
developed art program,and in the seventh edition we introduce
understanding,we have become more aware ofour interdepend-
our new Learning System,which focuses on learning outcomes.
ence with the vast diversity of organisms with which we share
Learning the principles ofbiology is challenging.To help students
planet Earth.
master this complex subject, we provide Learning Objectives
both for the course and for each major section ofevery chapter.
Atthe end ofeach section,we provide Review questions based on
the learning objectives so students can assess their mastery ofthe
material presented in the section. Throughout the book, stu-
BIOLOGY IS A BOOK
dents are directed to BiologyNow, a powerful diagnostic tool
FOR STUDENTS on the free CD-ROM, which helps students assess their study
needs and master the chapter objectives.After taking a pretest on
One of our principal goals in developing Biology has been to BiologyNow,students receive feedback based on their answers,
share with beginning biology students our sense of excitement and links to animations and other resources keyed to their spe-
about biology.We seek to help students better appreciate Earth’s cific learning needs.Select illustrations in the text are also keyed
diverse organisms, their remarkable adaptations to the envi- toActive Figures on the BiologyNow CD-ROM.
ronment, and their evolutionary and ecological relationships.
Wewant students to understand the dynamic way that science
Course Learning Objectives
works and to appreciate the contributions of scientists whose
discoveries not only expand our knowledge ofbiology but also
The student can demonstrate mastery of the principles of biol-
help shape and protect the future ofour planet.
ogy by responding accurately to the following Course Learning
Since the earliest edition of Biology,wehave focused on pre-
Objectives:
senting the principles ofbiology in a way that is accurate,interest-
■ Design an experiment to test a given hypothesis,using the
ing and accessible to the student.In this seventh edition ofBiology,
procedure and terminology ofthe scientific method.
we continue this tradition.We have worked hard to write in a
student-friendly style.Throughout the text,we spark interest by ■ Cite the cell theory,and relate structure to function in both
relating concepts to experience within the student’s frame ofref- prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
erence.By helping students make such connections,we facilitate
■ Describe the theory ofevolution,explain why it is the
the integration ofconcepts.In addition,we use Focus On boxes
principal unifying concept in biology,and discuss natural
toexplore issues ofspecial relevance to students (such as the ef-
selection as the primary agent ofevolutionary change.
fects of smoking or alcohol abuse).These boxes also provide a
■ Explain the role ofgenetic information in all species,and
forum for discussing certain topics of current interest in more
discuss applications ofgenetics that affect society.
detail,such as Alzheimer’s disease and seed banks.We include
numerous tables,many illustrated,to help the student organize ■ Describe several mechanisms by which cells and organisms
and summarize material presented in the text.We hope the com- transfer information,including the use ofnucleic acids,
bined effect ofan engaging writing style and interesting features chemical signals (such as hormones and pheromones),
will fascinate students and encourage them to continue their study electrical signals (for example,neural transmission),
ofbiology. signal transduction,sounds,and visual displays.
Preface ❘ ix