Table Of Content

Yuansheng Gao Biology of Vascular Smooth Muscle Vasoconstriction and Dilatation Second Edition Biology of Vascular Smooth Muscle Yuansheng Gao Biology of Vascular Smooth Muscle Vasoconstriction and Dilatation Second Edition YuanshengGao DepartmentofPhysiologyandPathophysiology PekingUniversityHealthScienceCenter Beijing,China ISBN978-981-19-7121-1 ISBN978-981-19-7122-8 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-7122-8 ©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNatureSingapore PteLtd.2022 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsaresolelyandexclusivelylicensedbythePublisher,whether thewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseof illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors, and the editorsare safeto assume that the adviceand informationin this bookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsor theeditorsgiveawarranty,expressedorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforany errorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictional claimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore To my dear mentor Dr. Paul M. Vanhoutte. A caricature of Prof. Paul M. Vanhoutte. It was drawn by Dr. Tony Verbeuren using the names of the fellows and students trained by Prof. Vanhoutte. The figure is from Bond RA (2001) Vanhoutte at 60. Trends Pharmacol Sci 22: 101, with permission. Preface to the Second Edition It iscertainly a great pleasure tobe invited by SpringerNature towrite the second editionofthisbook.Iamverygratefulforthewarmreceptionbyourreaders.This edition is still intended to provide concise and comprehensive coverage of the regulation of vasoconstriction and dilation. In the 5 years since the first edition, amazing progress has been made in this field, with many discoveries that have dramatically and even fundamentally changed our views on how the vascular activitiesareregulated.Itismysincerelyhopethatthenewversionreflectscurrent knowledge. The second edition remains to be composed of four major sections. The first sectionisrelatedtothegeneralpropertiesofthevasculature,includingthestructural, electrical, mechanical, and metabolic properties. The second section discusses the regulationofvasoreactivitybyneurotransmitters,endothelium-derivedfactors,local metabolic factors, shear stress, myogenic response, and blood flow autoregulation. TwonewchaptersrelatedtomicroRNAandextracellularvesicleshavebeenadded to reflect their newly discovered important role in vascular activities. The third section deals with the intracellular signaling related to vascular activity, including theintracellular Ca2+ regulation,regulationofmyosinlightchain phosphorylation, and cyclic AMP- and cyclic GMP signaling. The last section is regarding the heterogeneity in vasoreactivity of the coronary, cerebral, pulmonary vasculatures, andthevascularreactivityunderhypoxiaandduringaging.Foreachtopic,thereare manyexcellentoriginalresearcharticlesandreviewsarecited.Thisbookwishesto provide a cohesive summary of the diverse aspects in the regulation of vascular contractionanddilatation. I am indebted to many people, especially my mentor, Professor Paul M Vanhoutte,forteachingmewhatIamtryingtoconveytothereadersofthisbook. ProfessorVanhouttewasmydoctoraladvisoratMayoGraduateSchoolanddirected my postdoctoral training at Baylor College of Medicine. Then we collaborated on vascular research from 2003 to 2014 when he was at Hong Kong University and I wasatPekingUniversity.ProfessorVanhouttehastrainedhundredsofscientistsand studentsincardiovascularresearchincountriesaroundtheworld,makingeveryone feel respected and treated special. His enthusiasm and love for research was ix x PrefacetotheSecondEdition contagious,hisguidanceonresearch wasalways timelyandwholehearted,andhis joy in our career growth was constantly felt by us. Three years ago, his sudden passing came as a shock to us. We lost a leading scientist in vascular research, an extraordinarilycharismaticmentor,ahumbleandelegantgentleman,andagreatlife- timefriend.Hewillbedeeplymissedandhisgoalofadvancingvascularsciencewill continue. Finally,IliketoexpressmydeepgratitudetoDr.JamesHu,Dr.YinChen,and Mr.LenoldChristRajofSpringerNaturefortheirenthusiasticandvaluableprofes- sional assistance in the writing of this book. Thanks also to my colleagues and friendsfortheirveryhelpfuladvice.Ialsosincerelythankmywife,XueWang,for hercontinuedloveandsupport. Beijing,China YuanshengGao Contents PartI GeneralPropertiesofVasculature 1 ArchitectureoftheBloodVessels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.2 ArchitectureoftheArteries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.3 CapillariesandMicrocirculation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.4 ArchitectureoftheVeins. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.5 GapJunctions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1.6 VasaVasorum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1.7 AdventitiaandPerivascularCells. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2 UltrastructureofVascularSmoothMuscle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2.2 ThinFilaments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 2.3 ThickFilaments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2.4 OrganizationoftheThinandThickFilaments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 2.5 SarcoplasmicReticulum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 2.6 Mitochondria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 2.7 Cytoskeleton.. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. 29 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 3 VascularEndothelium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 3.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 3.2 PermeabilityActivity:TheParacellularRoute. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 3.3 PermeabilityActivity:TheTranscellularRoute. . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 3.4 LeukocyteTransendothelialMigration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 3.5 ModulationofCoagulationandFibrinolysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 3.6 VasculogenesisandAngiogenesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 xi xii Contents 4 ElectricalandMechanicalPropertiesofVascularSmooth Muscle. . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. 57 4.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 4.2 ElectricalPropertiesofVascularSmoothMuscle. . . . . . . . . . . . 58 4.3 IonicChannels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 4.4 SlowWavesandVasomotion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 4.5 MechanicalPropertiesofVascularSmoothMuscle. . . . . . . . . . 64 4.6 ElasticandCollagenousFibers.. . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. 69 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 5 BiochemistryoftheContractileProteinsofSmoothMuscle. . . . . . 77 5.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 5.2 TheStructuralBasisoftheMyosinMotorActivity. . . . . . . . . . 78 5.3 TheCross-BridgeCycle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 5.4 HeterogeneousActivitiesofMyosinHeavyChainIsoforms. . . . 81 5.5 MyosinLightChains. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 84 5.6 TheLatchState.. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. 86 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 6 MetabolismofVascularSmoothMuscle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 6.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 6.2 EnergyMetabolism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 6.3 GlucoseMetabolism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 6.4 LipidMetabolism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 6.5 AminoAcidMetabolism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 PartII RegulatorsofVasoreactivity 7 Neurotransmitters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 7.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 7.2 Innervation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 7.3 GProtein-CoupledReceptor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 7.4 AdrenergicSignaling. .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . 118 7.5 MuscarinicSignaling. .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . 120 7.6 PurinergicSignaling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 7.7 SignalingsViaNeuropeptides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 8 Endothelium-DerivedFactors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 8.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 8.2 Endothelium-DerivedNO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 8.3 ProstaglandinI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 2 8.4 Endothelium-DependentHyperpolarization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 8.5 ET-1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146