Biology of the Antarctic Seas IV

367 Pages·1971·11.27 MB·English

ANTARCTIC
RESEARCH
SERIES
AmericanG eophysical
ANTARCTIC
RESEARCH
SERIES
AmericanG eophysical
l/olume 1 BIOLOGY OF THE ANTARCTIC SEAS
Milton O. Lee, Editor
l/olume 2 ANTARCTIC SNOW AND ICE STUDIES
Malcom Mellor, Editor
I/olume 3 POLYCHAETA ERRANTIA OF ANTARCTICA
Olga Hartman
Volume 4 GEOMAGNETISM AND AERONOMY
A. H. Waynick,E ditor
l/olume 5 BIOLOGY OF THE ANTARCTIC SEAS II
GeorgeA . Llano, Editor
I/olume 6 GEOLOGYA ND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE ANTARCTIC
JarvisB . Hadley,E ditor
Volume 7 POLYCHAETA MYZOSTOMIDAE AND SEDENTARIA OF ANTARCTICA
Olga Hartman
Volume 8 ANTARCTIC SOILS AND SOIL FORMING PROCESSES
J. C. F. Tedrow, Editor
Volume 9 STUDIES IN ANTARCTIC METEOROLOGY
Morton J. Rubin, Editor
Volume 10 ENTOMOLOGY OF ANTARCTICA
J. LinsleyG ressittE, ditor
Volume 11 BIOLOGY OF THE ANTARCTIC SEAS III
Waldo L. Schmitta nd GeorgeA . Llano, Editors
Volume 12 ANTARCTIC BIRD STUDIES
Oliver L. Austin, Jr., Editor
Volume 13 ANTARCTIC ASCIDIACEA
Patricia Kott
Volume 14 ANTARCTIC CIRRIPEDIA
William A. Newman and Arnold Ross
Volume 15 ANTARCTIC OCEANOLOGY
JosephL . Reid, Editor
Volume 16 ANTARCTIC SNOW AND ICE STUDIES II
A. P. Crary, Editor
Volume 17 BIOLOGY OF THE ANTARCTIC SEAS IV
GeorgeA . Llano and I. EugeneW allen,E ditors
Biology of the
Antarctic Seas
FRONTISPIECE
The marined iatomT halassiostiurar nida(J anischH) aslef roma n antarctibc loo(cid:127)n,v iewedin a scanninegl ec-
tronm icrograph(T. op) The slightlyb rokenv alvei s half of the silicioussk eletoonf the photosyntheotircg an-
ism foundi n the icy waterso ff the RonneI ce Shelf, X2000. (Bottom) Enlargemenot f the samev alve shows
the hyalineg irdleb anda nd perforateidn tercalarby ands till attachedto the valvei tself,X 8000. SeeF igures
40a,4 0b,a nd4 6 of Haslee t al. (thisv olumep p. 329a nd3 31) andF igure6 of E1-Saye(dth isv olumep, .
ANTARCTIC
Volume 17 RESEARCH
SERIES
Biologyo f the
Antarctic Seas IV
GeorgeA . Llano and I. Eugene Wallen, Editors
Publishedw ith the aid o] a grant] rom theN ationalS cienceF oundation
PUBLISHER
AMERICAN GEOPHYSICAL UNION
OF THE
NationalA cademyo f Sciences---NationRael searchC ouncil
December 3,
ANTARCTIC
Volume 17 RESEARCH
SERIES
BIOLOGY OF THE ANTARCTIC SEAS IV
GzoagzA . LLANOa nd I. EugzNz WALLENE, ditors
Copyright¸ 1971b y the AmericanG eophysicaUl nion
Suite 435, 2100 PennsylvaniaA venue,N .W.
Washington,D .C. 20037
Library of CongressC atalogC ard No. 64-60030
International Standard Book No. 0-87590-117-4
List Price, $30.00
Printed by
T(cid:127)tr. HoaN-SHArr. I(cid:127) COMPANY
DIVISION OF
Geo. W. King Printing Co.
Baltimore,
THE ANTARCTIC RESEARCH SERIES
T(cid:127)z ANTARCTRICE SEARCSHE RIEiSs designetdo providea mediumf or presenting
authoritativree portso n the extensivaen d detaileds cientificre searchw ork being
carriedo ut in Antarctica.T he seriesh as beens uccessfuinl elicitingc ontributions
from leadingr esearchsc ientistesn gagedin antarcticin vestigationsit; seeksto main-
tain high scientifica nd publications tandards.T he scientifice ditor for each volume
is chosenfr oma mongre cognizeadu thoritieisn the disciplinoer themeit represents,
as are the reviewers on whom the editor relies for advice.
Beginningw ith the scientificin vestigationcsa rriedo ut during the International
GeophysicYael ar, reportso f researchre sultsa ppearingin this seriesr epresenotr igi-
nal contributiontso o lengthyo r otherwisein appropriatefo r publicationin the
standardjo urnals.I n somec asesa n entirev olumeis devotedto a monographT. he
materiapl ublisheids directedn ot onlyt o specialisatsc tivelye ngageidn the workb ut
to graduates tudentsto, scientistisn closelyr elatedf ields,a nd to interestedla ymen
versedin the biologicaal nd the physicasl ciencesM. any of the earlierv olumesa re
cohesivceo llectionosf papersg roupeda rounda centratl heme.F uturev olumems ay
concernth emselvewsit hr egionaal sw ella s disciplinarays pectso,r with a comparison
of antarcticp henomenwa ith thoseo f other regionso f the globe. But the central
theme of Antarctica will dominate.
In a senset,h e seriesc ontinuesth e traditiond ating from the earliestd ays of
geographiecx ploratioann d scientifiecx peditions--thtrea ditiono f the expeditionary
volumesw hichs et forth in detail everythingt hat was seena nd studied. This tradi-
tion is not necessariloyu tmodedb, ut in much of the presents cientificw ork one
expeditionb lendsi nto the next, and it is no longer scientificallmy eaningfutlo
separateth em arbitrarily. Antarcticr esearchh as a large degreeo f coherencei;t
deservetsh e modernc ounterpaortf the expeditionarvyo lumeso f pastd ecadeasn d
centuriews hicht heA ntarcticR esearchS eriesp rovides.
With the aid of a grant from the National ScienceF oundationi n 1962, the
AmericanG eophysicUaln ioni nitiatedt he AntarcticR esearchS eriesa nd appointed
a Boardo f AssociatEed itorst o implemenitt . A supplementgarl antr eceivedin 1966,
the incomefr om the saleo f volumesin the seriesa, nd incomefr om reprintsa nd
others ourcehsa vee nabledth e AGU to continueth is series.T he responsoef the
scientificc ommunitya nd the favorablec ommentso f reviewersc auset he board to
look forwardw ith optimismt o the continueds uccesosf this endeavor.
To representt he broad scientificn ature of the series,t he memberso f the Board
werec hosenfr om all fieldso f antarcticre searchA. t the presentti me they include:
AveryA . Drake,J r., representingge ologya nd solide arthg eophysicAs;. P. Crary,
seisinologayn d glaciologyG; eorgeA . Llano,b otanya nd zoology;M artin A. Pome-
rantz, aeronomya nd geomagnetismM; orton J. Rubin, meteorologya nd ocean-
ography; David L. Pawson, biology; Waldo L. Schmitt, member emeritus; and
LaurenceM . Gould,h onoraryc hairman.F red G. Alberts,s ecretaryto the U.S.
AdvisoryC ommitteoen A ntarcticN amesg, ivesv aluablaes sistanicne v erifyingp lace
names,l ocationsa, nd maps.
MORTON J. RUBIN
ChairmanB, oard of AssociateE ditors
(cid:127)4ntarctic Research Series
Antarctic Research Series Biology of the Antarctic Seas IV Vol. 17
PREFACE
Of the volumes currently available in the Antarctic Research Series, this volume is
the fourth dealing with the biology of the antarctic seas. These collected papers
comprise the results of original investigations, 11 of which are concerned mainlj
with the identification and distribution of marine plants and animals. In the first
of these papers Stewart Springer gives a systematic appraisal of the five species of
elasmobranch Rajidae from Antarctica, of which one represents a new and unique
species. Heretofore one of the peculiarities of the antarctic ichthyological fauna has
been the absence of sharks. In this very significant contribution, the author estab-
lishes the most southerly record for any member of the elasmobranchs. The second
paper, by Patricia Kott, amplifies our systematic knowledge of the tunicates of the
South Atlantic, South Pacific, and Indian oceans. It extends her monograph pub-
lished as volume 13 of the Research Series under the title of Antarctic Ascidiacea
and is based on collections made in the Antarctic through 1967; two new species are
included. Additions and corrections to volume 13 are appended to this paper. John
C. Markham reports on several lower chordates of the genus Cephalodiscus and dis-
cusses the systematics and distribution of the five species known from the Antarctic.
The Deep Freeze materials examined in the course of this study were obtained
through the U.S. Navy IHydrographic Office oceanographers from icebreakers assigned
to task force 43 prior to and after the 1955-1959 International Geophysical Year and
precede the National Science Foundation sponsored research now being conducted
by the USNS Eltanin and the R/V Hero under the U.S. Antarctic Research Program.
Three papers dealing with crustaceans follow. The first, by John C. McCain and
Scott Gray, Jr., lists 22 caprellid amphipods, of which a significant number are
endemic to the Antarctic Peninsula, Scotia Ridge, and Tierra del Fuego regions;
one-fourth of the species described are new to science. The second of these crustacean
papers, by Gayle A. Heron and Thomas E. Bowman, deals with immature stages of
copepods. It is based on several excellent collections by the USNS Eltanin with the
aid of fine-mesh nets; one new species is described. The third crustacean paper, on
benthic myodocopid ostracods by Louis S. Kornicker, reports on collections made in
1967 by James K. Lowry at Arthur Harbor, Palmer Station, in 1968 by V. A.
Gallardo at Arturo Prat Station on Greenu~ichI sland, and in 1963 by Waldo L.
Schmitt from the South Shetland Islands and Palmer Archipelago. In addition to
describing five new species, the author reviews the previous work done on this group
as represented in Antarctica.
The seventh paper in this volume, the contribution by Joel W. Hedgpeth and
John C. McCain, is a review of the deep-sea genus Pantopipetta. It includes a family
placement and one new species. This group of pycnogonids is well represented in
antarctic waters. Following this paper is the report by Robert B. Short on three new
species of mesozoan parasites from cephalopods collected in New Zealand waters.
In the study on distribution of recent benthonic Foraminifera, Ren6 Herb discusses
the occurrence of arenaceous and calcareous forms in relation to the Antarctic Con-
vergence. The more prominent species of the Drake Passage are amply illustrated.
Penetration of the normally inaccessible Weddell Sea by the USCGG Glacier
during the 1967-1968 (Captain E. E. McCrory, Commanding Officer) International
Weddell Sea Oceanographic Expeditions revealed an unexpectedly rich bloom of phyto-
Copyright American Geophysical Union
CONTENTS
The Antarctic Research Series
Morton J. Rubin .............................................. VII oo
Preface
GeorgeA . Llano and I. EugeneW allen ........................... ix
Three Specieso f Skates( Rajidae) from the ContinentaWl aterso f Antarctica
Stewart Springer ..............................................
Ra]a georgiana Norman, p. 2
Bathyraja griseocaudaN orman, p. 5
Bathyraja maccaini, n. sp., p. 7
Antarctic Ascidiacea II
Patricia Kott ................................................. 11
zlplidium pellucidurn,n . sp., p. 31
Molgula millari, n. sp., p. 70
[This contribution also reports on 72 new records of antarctic ascidians.]
CorrigendaV, olume 13, AntarcticA scidiacea
Patricia Kott ................................................. 82
The Specieso f CephalodiscuCso llectedd uring OperationD eep Freeze, 1956-
1959
John C. Markham ............................................. 83
Cephalodiscus( Idiothecia) nigrescensL ankester, p. 90
Cephalodiscus( Orthoecus) solidusA ndersson,p . 92
Cephalodiscus( Orthoecus) densusA ndersson,p . 94
Cephalodiscus( Orthoecus) [umosusJ ohn, p. 96
Cephalodiscus(C ephalodiscus)h odgsoniR idewood,p . 104
Antarctica nd SubantarcticC aprellidae( CrustaceaA: mphipoda)
JohnC . McCain and W. ScottG ray, Jr. ........................... 111
Dodecase ltaninae, n. sp., p. 119
Luconacia vemae, n. sp., p. 123
Mayerella magellanica,n . sp., p. 124
Protella trilobata, n. sp., p. 128
Pseudodecasb owmani,n . gen., n. sp., p. 131
Pseudoprotominah edgpethi,n . sp., p. 133
[In addition to the foregoing, these authors discuss the systematicso f 17
different caprellid amphipods.]
PostnaupliaDr evelopmentaSlt ageso f the CopepodC rustaceanCs lausocalanus
laticeps,C . brevipes,a nd Ctenocalanucsi ter (Calanoida: Pseudo-
calanidae)
GayleA . Heron and ThomasE . Bowman. ......................... 141
[The speciesn amedi n the title are describeda nd fully illustrated.]
BenthicO stracoda( Myodocopina:C ypridinacea)f rom the South Shetland
Islandsa nd the Palmer ArchipelagoA, ntarctica
Louis S. Kornicker ............................................ 167
Philomedest rithrix, n. sp., p. 176
Scleroconchag allardoi, n. sp., p. 194
Parasterope lowryi, n. sp., p. 197
Philippiella pentathrix, n. sp., p. 205
Philippiella skogsbergi,n . sp., p. 211
[Besides these five new species, the author treats in detail 11 previously
known myodocopido stracods.]
A Review of the PycnogonidG enusP antopipetta( Family Austrodecidae,
Emended)w ith the Descriptiono f a New Species
Joel W. Hedgpetha nd John C. McCain ........................... 217
Pantopipetta aconae,n . sp., p. 227
[Together with the new species, eight other members of this genus are
discussed.]
ThreeN ew Specieso f Dicyerna( Mesozoa'D icyemidae)f rom New Zealand
Robert B. Short ............................................... 231
Dicyema robsonellae,n . sp., p. 231
Dicyema knoxi, n. sp., p. 236
Dicyema maorum, n. sp., p. 240
Distributiono f RecentB enthonicF oraminiferai n the Drake Passage
Ren6 Herb ................................................... 251
Observationosn PhytoplanktoBn loomi n theW eddellS ea
SayedZ . E1-Sayed. ............................................ 301
MorphologicV ariability in FasciculatedD iatomsa s Exemplifiedb y Thalas-
siosira turnida (Janisch) Hasle, comb.n ov.
GretheR . Hasle,B erit R. Heimdal,a nd GretaA . Fryxell ............. 313
Corethronc riophilumC astracaneI't s Distributiona nd Structure
Greta A. Fryxell and GretheR . Hasle ............................ 335
ZooplanktonS tandingC ropi n the PacificS ectoro f the Antarctic
Thomas L. Hopkins ........................................... 347