Biology of the Antarctic Seas III

265 Pages·1967·7.93 MB·English

ANTARCTIC
RESEARCH
SERIES
AmericanG eophysicaUl nion
ANTARCTIC
RESEARCH
SERIES
AmericanG eophysicaUl nion
Volume 1
BIOLOGY OF THE ANTARCTIC SEAS
Milton O. Lee, Editor
Volume 2
ANTARCTIC SNOW AND ICE STUDIES
Malcom Melior, Editor
Volume 3
POLYCHAETA ERRANTIA OF ANTARCTICA
Olga Hartman
Volume 4
GEOMAGNETISM AND AERONOMY
A. I-1.W aynick, Editor
Volume 5
BIOLOGY OF THE ANTARCTIC SEAS II
GeorgeA . Llano, Editor
Volume 6
GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE ANTARCTIC
JarvisB . Hadley, Editor
Volume 7
POLYCHAETA MYZOSTOMIDAE AND SEDENTARIA OF ANTARCTICA
Olga Hartman
Volume 8
ANTARCTIC SOILS AND SOIL FORMING PROCESSES
J. C. F. Tedrow, Editor
Volume 9
STUDIES IN ANTARCTIC METEOROLOGY
Morton J. Rubin, Editor
Volume 10
ENTOMOLOGY OF ANTARCTICA
J. LinsleyG ressittE, ditor
Volume 11
BIOLOGY OF THE ANTARCTIC SEAS III
Waldo L. Schmitta nd GeorgeA . Llano, Editors
Volume 12
ANTARCTIC BIRD STUDIES
Oliver L. Austin, Jr., Editor
ANTARCTIC
Volume 11 RESEARCH
SERIES
Biologyo f the
Antarctic Seas 111
GeorgeA . Llano and Waldo L. Schmitt,E ditors
Publishewd itht hea id o[ a grant[ romt heN ationaSl ciencFeo undation
PUBLISHER
AMERICAN GEOPHYSICAL UNION
OF THE
NationalA cademyo f Sciences-NationRale searchC ouncil
Publication No. 1579
1967
ANTARCTIC
Volume 11 RESEARCH
SERIES
BIOLOGY OF THE ANTARCTIC SEAS Ill
GZORGEA . L(cid:127).aso AS(cid:127)) Wa(cid:127).(cid:127))o L. SCHMITT,E ditors
Copyrigh¸t 1967b y the AmericanG eophysicUaln ion
Suite4 35, 2100 PennsylvaniAa venue,N .W.
Washington,D .C. 20037
Library of CongressC atalogC ard No. 64-60030
List Price, $13.50
Printed by
The Horn-Shafer Company
Baltimore, Maryland
THE ANTARCTIC RESEARCH SERIES
During the InternationalG eophysicaYl ear discussionwse re held amongg eophysicists,
biologistsa, nd geologistsa imed at developinga medium for the publicationo f the
papersr esultingf rom the intensiver esearchw ork being done in Antarctica. The
AntarcticR esearchS eriesi s designedto providet his medium,p resentinga uthoritative
work with uniformly high scientifica nd editorial standardsf rom leading scientists
engagedin antarcticr esearch.
In a senset he seriesc ontinuesa tradition dating from the earliestd ays of geo-
graphic explorationa nd scientifice xpeditions--thet radition of the expeditionary
volumesw hichs et forth in rich detail everythingth at was seena nd studied. But in
much of the presenta ntarcticw ork one expeditionb lendsi nto the next, and it is
no longers cientificallmy eaningfutlo separateth em. However,a ntarcticr esearchin
all disciplinesh as a large degreeo f coherencea nd deservesth e modernc ounterpart
of the expeditionaryv olumeso f past decadesa nd centuries.
Papersa ppearingin the seriesr epresenot riginal contributionsto o lengthyo r
otherwisein appropriatfeo r publicationin the standards cientificjo urnals. The mate-
rial publishedis directedn ot only to scientistasc tivelye ngagedin the work but to
graduates tudentsa nd scientistisn closelyr elatedf ieldsa s well. The seriesw ill serve
as a sourceo f informationb oth for the specialisat nd for the laymanv ersedi n the
biologicaal ndp hysicasl ciencesM. anyo f the earlyv olumesa re cohesivceo llectionosf
researchp apersg roupeda rounda centratl heme.A n editorf or eachb ooki s drawn
from the disciplineit representsa,s are the reviewerso n whome ache ditorr elies.
Early in 1963 the NationalS cienceF oundationm adea grant to the American
GeophysicaUln ion to initiate the series,a nd a Board of AssociateE ditorsw as
appointetdo implemenitt. To representht e broadn atureo f the seriest,h e members
of the Board were chosenf rom all fields of antarctic research. At the presentt ime
they includeE ugeneL . Boudetter,e presentingge ologya nd solidE arth geophysics;
Martin A. Pomerantza, eronomya nd geomagnetismA;. P. Crary, seismologayn d
glaciologyG; eorgeA . Llano,b otanya ndz oology;W aldoL . Schmittm, arineb iology
ando ceanographayn;d M ortonJ . Rubin,m eteorologyIn. 1967L aurencMe . Gould
was askedt o servea s HonoraryC hairman.E arlier memberso f the Board, since
resignedw, ereH arry W. Wellsa ndJ arvisB . Hadley.A GU staffm emberrse sponsible
for the seriesa re JudithS . McCombsm, anaginge ditor,a nd Marie L. Webner,c hief
of the editorial office.
The Boardw ishesto acknowledgthee experta nd valuablea ssistancoef Fred S.
Alberts (of the AntarcticU nit, Officeo f GeographyD, epartmenot f the Interior) in
verifyingp lacen amesl,o cationsa,n dm aps.
MORTON J. RUBIN
Chairman,B oardo ] AssociateE ditors
Antarctic Research Series
Antarctic Research Series Biology of the Antarctic Seas III Vol. 11
PREFACE
This is the third of the eleven volumes of the Research Series thus far published which
is devoted to the Biology of the Antarctic Seas. It comprises 12 original papers ~hich,
in subject matter, range from an investigation of the life processes of the microalgae
of sea-ice (John S. Bunt) and the productivity of the sea is. Z. El-Saled) to the
physiologic behavior and reactions to diving of the Breddell seal (G.L . Kooj man I.
The names of the organisms encountered in the study of the inhabitants. plant or
animal. fossil or recent, of any area or region are all-important if the kno\+ledge
derivecl from such study is ever to be meaningful in future researches on those
organisms. In the biological contributions in this volume the scientific names make
possible the recognition of the organisms discussed or described as nelk and will serve
as index entries to existing information regarding them.
Kine of these research reports are concerned primarily 11 ith the taxonom! of certain
invertebrates selected from relatively small portions of the vast collections of animal
life drawn to date from the sea, for the greater part by the LSNS Eltanin, National
Science Foundation, with a variety of nets, or raised from the bottom by means of
trawls, dredges, grab-samplers, or coring devices.
The first of these 9 papers describes 4 nert species of elasipodid sea cucumbers,
echinoderms more precisely called holothurians (Candido P. Agatep). The second
makes known 4 newly discovered species of megacalanid copepods captured in the
course of midwater tows by the Isaac-Kidd trawl (Tagea K. S. Bjornberg). The
next 2 of these taxonomic contributions describe 9 new species and 2 new genera of
monogenetic trematode parasites of the endemic antarctic fishes (William A. Dillon
and William J. Hargis, Jr.). Another pair of papers embodies the results of several
years of study of abyssal isopods nith notes on their distribution and habitats: The
first of these reviews the genus Mesosignum and its 11 species, 6 of which are new
(Robert J. Menzies and Dirk Frankenberg) ; the second adds appreciably to our
knoljledge of 3 families of benthic isopods, with diagnoses of 3 new genera and 9
ne\+ species (Robert J. Menzies and George A. Schultz). Two jointly authored
papers (Richard E. Young and Clyde F. E. Roper) deal with cephalopods, squids
in particular: One of these re-examines and clarifies the systematic position of a little
kno~knf amily; the other establishes an entirely new family based on a newly dis-
covered genus and species. The ninth of the more or less systematic papers included
in this volume is a statistical examination of the variation and size range of 4 lamp-
shells, brachiopods, found off the coast of Chile and in the Strait of Magellan (Helen
.
McCammon and Ralph Buchsbaum)
Systematists concerned with any of the specified groups of animals, and marine
zoogeographers, as well, will find the records herein published indispensable. Al-
though much of the antarctic fauna is highly endemic, a number of its abyssal species
range northward through the depths of the Southern Ocean into subantarctic areas
and perhaps beyond.
In the Table of Contents under the respective titles the species and genera mentioned
or described are listed for ready reference, with pagination in the case of the primarily
taxonomic papers, the third to the eleventh. In these a total of 33 new species, 1 new
subspecies, 6 new genera, and 1 new7 family are described.
GEORGEA . LLAKOan d WALDOL . SCHMITT
Copyright American Geophysical Union
CONTENTS
The Antarctic Research Series
Morton J. Rubin ...................................................
Preface
GeorgeA . Llano and Waldo L. Schmitt.. .............................. vii
SomeC haracteristicosf MicroalgaeI solatedf rom AntarcticS eaI ce
[Chaetoceros fragilis Meunier; Fragilaria sublinearis van I-Ieurck; Fragilaria spp.; Nitzschia
sp.; Stauroneis membranacea Cleve; Stauroneis sp.; Synedra spp.]
(cid:127). $. Bunt .........................................................
On the Productivityo f the SouthwesAt tlantic Ocean and the Waters West of
the Antarctic Peninsula
SayedZ . E1-Saye.d.. ............................................... 15
SomeE lasipodidH olothurianso f Antarctica nd SubantarcticS eas
Candido P. Agatep. ................................................ 49
Elpidia glacialis Thdel, p. 61
Laetmogonew yvillethomsoniT h(cid:127)el, p. 63
Oneirophantam utabilis Thdel, p. 63
Peniagone incondita, n. sp., p. 51
Peniagone lacinora, n. sp., p. 53
Psychropotesl ongicauda Th(cid:127)el, p. 67
Scotoplanesg lobosaT hdel, p. 55
Scotoplanes] acetus, n. sp., p. 57
Scotoplanesa ngelicus, n. sp., p. 59
FourN ewS pecieosf Megacalanida(eC rustaceaC: opepoda)
Tagea K. S. BjSrnberg. ............................................. 73
Bathycalanus eltaninae, n. sp., p. 75
Bathycalanus infiatus, n. sp., p. 81
Bathycalanus unicornis, n. sp., p. 73
Bradycalanus pseudotypicus,n . sp., p. 82
Bradycalanusp seudotypicuse normis,n . subsp.,p . 85
Helminth Parasiteso f Antarctic Vertebrates. Part II. MonogeneticT rematodes
from Antarctic Fishes: The SuperfamilyG yrodactyloideaJ ohnstona nd
Tiegs, 1922
William J. Hargis, Jr., and William Arthur Dillon. ...................... 91
Gyrodactylusb yrdi, n. sp., p. 93
Gyrodactylusc entronoti, n. sp., p. 93
Gyrodactylusr higophilae, n. sp., p. 95
Gyrodactylust rematomi, n. sp., p. 97
Gyrodactylusw ilkesi, n. sp., p. 92
Helminth Parasiteso f Antarctic Vertebrates. Part III. MonogeneticT rematodes
from Antarctic Fishes: The SuperfamilyT etraonchoideaY amaguti, 1963
William Arthur Dillon and William J. Hargis, Jr. ........................ lol
Allotetraonchoidesr higophilae, n. gen., n. sp., p. 109
Neopavlovskioideds issostichin, . gen., n. sp., p. 111
Pavlovskioidesa ntarcticusB ychowsky,G ussev,a nd Nagibina, p. 104
Pavlovskioidest rematomi, n. sp., p. 105
Pavlovskioides wilkesensis, n. sp., p. 107
ix
Systematicasn d Distributiono f the Bathyal-AbyssGael nusM esosignum(C rus-
tacea:I sopoda)
RobertJ . Menziesa nd Dirk Frankenber.g.. ........................... 113
Mesosignuma dmirandumn, . sp., p. 122
Mesosignuma nsatum,n . sp., p. 122
Mesosignuma sperum,n . sp., p. 125
Mesosignumb revispinisB irstein, p. 121
Mesosignume legantulumB irstein,p . 117
Mesosignumk ohleri Menzies,p . 122
Mesosignumm acrum,n . sp., p. 125
Mesosignumm agnadensn, . sp., p. 117
Mesosignumm ultidens,n . sp., p. 117
Mesosignumu sheri Menzies, p. 125
Mesosignumv it]azi Birstein, p. 125
AntarcticI sopodC rustaceaI.I . FamiliesH aploniscidaeA,c anthaspidiidaaen, d
Jaeropsidawe,i th Diagnoseosf New Generaa ndS pecies
Robert J. Menziesa nd GeorgeA . Schultz.. ............................ 141
Acanthaspidiap orrecta,n . sp., p. 155
A canthaspidias ulcatacornian, . sp.,p . 158
Antennuloniscusa rmatus Menzies,p . 147
Antennuloniscusd imeroceras( Barnard), p. 143
Antennuloniscuso rnatus Menzies, p. 147
Antennuloniscusq uadratus,n . sp., p. 147
Antennuloniscuss ubellipticus,n . sp., p. 147
Aspidoniscusp erplexus,n . gen., n. sp., p. 153
Exacanthaspidia rostratus,n . gen., n. sp., p. 171
Iolanthe pleuronotus,n . sp., p. 166
Jaeropsisa ntarctica, n. sp., p. 182
Jaeropsisc urvicornis (Nicolet), p. 174
Jaeropsisi ntermedius Nordenstam, p. 174
Paracanthaspidia mucronata, n. gen., n. sp., p. 161
The Batoteuthidaea, New Family of Squid (Cephalopoda'O egopsida)f rom
Antarctic Waters
RichardE . Young and Clyde F. E. Roper. ......................... 185
Batoteuthidae, new family, p. 185
Batoteuthis skolops,n . gen., n. sp., p. 185
The Family Promachoteuthida(eC ephalopodaO, egopsida).I . A Re-evaluation
of Its SystematicP osition Based on New Material from Antarctic and
Adjacent Waters
ClydeF . E. Roper and Richard E. Young. ....................... 203
Promachoteuthism egaptera Hoyle, p. 207
Promachoteuthis sp., juv., p. 207
Size and ShapeV ariation of Three RecentB rachiopodsfr om the Strait of
Magellan
[Magellania vcnosa Solander; Ncorhy(cid:127)chia strebeli Dall; Terebratella dorsata Gmelin.]
Helen McCammona nd Ralph Buchsbaum... ........................... 215
An Analysiso f SomeB ehaviorala nd PhysiologicaCl haracteristicRs elated to
Diving in the Weddell Seal
Gerald L. Kooyman. .............................................. 227
Leptonychotesw eddelli Lesson,p . 229
Antarctic Research Series Biology of the Antarctic Seas III Vol. 11
SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF MICROALGAE ISOLATED
FROM ANTARCTIC SEA ICE 1
J. S. BuNT
Institute of Marine Science, University of Miami, Florida
Abstract. Several species of diatoms prominent in the sea-ice flora of McMurdo Sound, Antarctica,
have been shown to possess an extreme capacity for shade adaptation and to be obligately psychro
philic in their temperature responses. Their capacities for growth and their photosynthetic activities
as well as their pigment composition have been investigated under a range of conditions of light
intensity and temperature. The low index of activity recorded in field measurements of carbon-14
uptake has been discussed and justified.
INTRODUCTION nance, with the exception of the growth studies under
In recent years there has arisen an increased interest taken in Dr. J. Strickland's laboratories. Although no
in the measurement of primary productivity and of evidence of vitamin requirements was detected, these
algal standing crops within the pack ice zone of constituents were retained as a safety precaution.
the seas surrounding Antarctica. Such investigations
GROWTH STUDIES
would benefit materially if information were available
Data were collected with 2 distinct sets of facilities;
concerning the physiological characteristics of repre
one located at the Lamont Geological Observatory, the
sentative species from these regions. Up to the pres
other in the Institute of Marine Resources at La Jolla.
ent, however, such information has not been available.
A brief description of the basic equipment employed
It was for this reason, principally, that the studies to
at Lamont is necessary.
be reported here were initiated.
Four glass-sided waterbaths filled with water and
SOURCE OF CULTURES AND MEDIA ethylene glycol were housed within a large cold room
The organisms all originated from material collected operating at approximately 2°C. Two were normally
during the 1962-1963 austral summer by Bunt [1963, run at temperatures a little above the general tempera
ture of the cold room and 2 below that temperature.
1964a] from the sea-ice habitat in McMurdo Sound.
Control of selected temperatures to within 0.1 °C was
A number of species were obtained as pure lines in
bacteria-free condition by Miss I. Pintner of the Has achieved.
For each bath, 2 black plastic boxes were fabricated.
kin's Laboratories. The identity of the axenic cul
These were fitted with light-tight lids and each was
tures has not been established beyond doubt. How
divided into 6 compartments, just large enough to
ever, it is probable that the collection includes 2 spe
cies of Stauroneis (possibly membranacea and elata), house a 50-ml long-necked Fernbach flask. For entry
1 species of Chaetoceros (probably fragilis), up to 6 of light, a hole was provided in the base of each com
species of Fragilaria, including 1 designated F. sub partment, so that the flasks were supported only at the
linearis, up to 4 species of Synedra, 1 species of very rim. Fitting over the base of each box was a
frame to carry fine monel mesh screen where this was
Nitzschia, and a green flagellate which probably be
longs to the genus Dunaliella. necessary to reduce light intensity from cool white
fluorescent lamps. The flasks themselves contained
Of many media which would support growth, ASP
12 NTA [Iwasaki, 1961] with principal salts at 75% only a shallow layer of culture solution so that the
level of illumination could be specified with reason
normal concentration appeared most suitable and was
able precision. In carbon-14 studies, where the flasks
used routinely for all subsequent work and mainte-
were completely filled, it was necessary to take account
of the attenuation of the light in its passage from the
'Contribution No. 837 from the Institute of Marine Science,
University of Miami, Florida. base to the top of each flask. No attempt was made to
1
Copyright American Geophysical Union
Antarctic Research Series Biology of the Antarctic Seas III Vol. 11
2 J. S. BUNT
modify the spectral composition of the light in any of supplementary data were collected also from a species
the work at Lamont. of Synedra, from Chaetoceros fragilis, and from S.
Routinely in growth studies, successive estimations membranacea.
of cell and pigment concentrations were made using the From the data obtained at La Jolla, growth con
entire contents of replicate flasks. A hulk inoculum stants (k) for F. sublinearis have been calculated at
was prepared at the commencement of each experiment, 10, 30, 50, 70, 90, and 110 hours, using the expression
using cells in the logarithmic phase of growth from =
logw n2/n1 k(t2-td
cultures growing at 2°C and approximately 100 foot
candles, diluted with fresh medium to give a known where n and n were the number of cells at the times
1 2
initial count of less than 7000 cells/mi. Replicated cell h and t2, respectively [Iitts et al., 1964]. For sim
counts on small aliquots of individual samples were plicity, the values have been presented in Figs. 1-6 as
made with a Levy counting chamber. The cells in the contours of k referred to the ordinates temperature and
hulk of each sample of known volume were then re light intensity, the latter on a logarithmic scale. Fig. 7
covered by centrifugation, resuspended in distilled similarly displays final increase in cell concentrations
water for several minutes, again centrifuged, and then in relative terms, the numbered contours representing
extracted with 90% acetone. After extraction, cell de douhlings over the experimental period. Fig. 8 pro
bris was removed by centrifugation, the pigment solu vides equivalent information for S. membranacea.
tions adjusted to known volume, and the absorption The temperature responses of F. sublinearis are quite
curves of aliquots obtained between 400 and 750 mp. by striking and place this species clearly as an obligate
means of a Beckman DK2 recording spectrophotom psychrophile. However, the temperature most favored
eter. Carotenoid concentrations were estimated using for growth, regardless of light intensity, is distinctly
the equation suggested by Parsons and Strickland higher than that of its natural habitat. In fact, these
[1963], while chlorophylls a and c were determined results and others in the field as well as in the labora
from equations derived using the specific absorption tory indicate that conditions beneath the ice in Me-
coefficients of these pigments at 665 and 630 mp. listed
by the same authors.
0.10
The techniques employed in growth studies of F.
-~
sublinearis and S. membranacea in Dr. J. Strickland's
laboratories coincided closely with those described in
detail by Iitts et al. [1964]. The only essential difier .
~
ence lay in the range of light intensities and tempera
tures employed (0.0003-0.08ly/min and 0--12°C). In ' ...
place of the ASP 12 NTA medium, use was made of
an enriched sea water of the following composition, or 0.01 :~~: ~
ganisms having been transferred and grown in the new :z .
:E
;;:
solution in advance of the experiments. Sea water, 750 2 5 6 7 4~~
...J
ml; distilled water, 250 ml; K3P04, 50 p.g atom/1 as 1>c;-; ;;~;;
P; N aN03, 500 p.g atom/1 as N; sodium silicate, 0.5 .z.. ..
ml of a 15o/a solution; PII metal mix [Iwasaki, 1961] 1:z- _\\_·~· ~
0.2 ml; 1 ml of a vitamin mix containing 0.2 p.g B12, 1::t-: 0~3--3 ~
1.0 p.g biotin, and 100 p.g thiamin; final pH after auto <..!.>J I 0
0.001
claving, 7.9. Samples for counting were withdrawn
~i i ;~-;--;
after 24, 48, 72, 93, and 116 hours in the case of F.
sublinearis and over a rather shorter period with S.
membranacea. Apart from the 30--45 minutes occupied
_, -3 2
each day in sampling, illumination was continuous, as
is the case in the sea-ice habitat during the growing
season.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 0.0001 """---..-.....--.----,.---r---..-.,....... ......- .---.........." ""T-T"'""...,
0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12"C
Greatest attention was paid to F. sublinearis, although Fig. 1. Values of k (XlO'), Fragilaria sublinearis at 10 hrs.
Copyright American Geophysical Union