Biology of the Antarctic Seas II

285 Pages·1965·7.15 MB·English

ANTARCTIC
RESEARCH
SERIES
American GeophysicaUl nion
ANTARCTIC
RESEARCH
SERIES
AmericanG eophysicaUl nion
Volume 1
BIOLOGY OF THE ANTARCTIC SEAS
Milton O. Lee, Ed.
Volume 2
ANTARCTIC SNOW AND ICE STUDIES
Malcolm Melior, Ed.
Volume 3
POLYCHAETA ERRANTIA OF ANTARCTICA
Olga Hartman
Volume 4
GEOMAGNETISM AND AERONOMY
A. H. Waynick, Ed.
l/blume 5
BIOLOGY OF THE ANTARCTIC SEAS II
GeorgeA . Llano, Ed.
Volume 6
GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE ANTARCTIC
Jarvis B. Hadley, Ed.
ANTARCTIC
Volume 5 RESEARCH
SERIES
Biologyo f the
Antarctic Seas 11
GeorgeA . Llano, Editor
Publishedw ith thea id of a grantf rom theN ational ScienceF oundation
PUBLISHER
AMERICAN GEOPHYSICAL UNION
OF THE
National Academyo f Sciences-NationaRl esearchC ouncil
Publication No. 1297
1965
ANTARCTIC
Volume 5 RESEARCH
SERIES
BIOLOGY OF THE ANTARCTIC SEAS II
GeorgeA . Llano, Editor
Copyright¸ 1965 by the AmericanG eophysicaUl nion
Suite 506, 1145 19th Street, N.W.
Washington,D .C. 20036
Library of CongressC atalog Card No. 64-60030
List Price, $12.00
Printed by
Garamond/Pridemark Press, Inc.
Baltimore, Maryland
THE ANTARCTIC RESEARCH SERIES
Duringt he InternationaGl eophysicYael ar discussiownse reh elda mongg eophysi-
cists,b iologistsa,n d geologistasi meda t developinag mediumf or the publicationo f
the papersre sultingfr omt hei ntensivree searcwh orkb eingd onei n Antarctica.T he
AntarctiRc esearcShe riesis designetdo provideth ism ediump,r esentinagu thoritative
work with uniformlyh igh scientifica nd editoriasl tandardfsr om leadings cientists
engagedi n Antarctic research.
In a senseth e seriesc ontinuesa traditiond ating from the earliestd ays of
geographeicx ploratioann ds cientifiecx peditions--thtrea ditiono f the expeditionary
volumews hichs etf orthi n rich detaile verythintgh at wass eena nds tudied.B ut in
mucho f thep resenAt ntarcticw orko nee xpeditiobnl endsin to the next,a ndi t is no
longers cientificallmy eaningfutlo separateth em. HoweverA, ntarcticr esearchin all
disciplinehsa sa larged egreeo f coherencaen dd eserveths e modernc ounterpaortf
the expeditionarvyo lumeso f pastd ecadeasn dc enturies.
Papersa ppearinign the seriesr epresenotr iginalc ontributiontoso lengthyo r
otherwisuen suitablfeo r publicatioinn the standardsc ientifijco urnals.T he material
publishedis directedn ot only to scientistasc tivelye ngagedin the work but to
graduates tudentasn d scientistisn closelyr elatedf ieldsa s well. The seriesw ill serve
as a sourceo f informationb othf or the specialisatn d for the laymanv ersedin the
biologicaal nd physicasl ciencesM. any of the early volumesa re cohesivceo llections
of researchp apersg roupeda rounda centralt heme. An editor for each book is
drawnf rom thed isciplineit representass, are the revieweros nw home ache ditorr elies.
Early in 1963t he NationalS ciencFe oundatiomn adea grantt o the American
GeophysicaUl nion to initiate the series, and a Board of AssociateE ditors was
appointedto implemenitt . To representth e broadn atureo f the seriest, he members
of theB oardw erec hosefnr oma ll fieldso f Antarcticre searchT. heyi ncludeJ arvis
Hadleyr,e presentignego logayn ds olidE arthg eophysicHsa;r ryW . Wellsa, eronomy
andg eomagnetisAm. P; . Crary,s eismoloagnyd g laciologyG;e orgAe . Llanob, otany
andz oologyW; aldoL . Schmittm, arineb iologya nd oceanographayn; d MortonJ .
Rubin, meteorology.A GU staff membersr esponsiblfeo r the seriesa re Carol E.
Cameronm, anaginged itor,a ndM arie L. Webhers, tylee ditor.
HARRY W. WELLS
Chairman,B oard o(cid:127) (cid:127)Issociate Editors
(cid:127)Intarctic Research Series
vii
CONTENTS
The Antarctic Research Series
Harry W. Wells .................................................... vii
Preface
GeorgeA . Llano ................................................... ix
OceanographiIcn vestigationisn McMurdo Sound,A ntarctica
Jack L. Littlepage ..................................................
ReproductiveP eriodicitiesi n Several ContrastingP opulationso f Orlontaster
validus Koehler, a CommonA ntarctic Asteroid
J. S. Pearse ........................................................ 39
Primary Productiona nd StandingC rop of Phytoplanktonin the Weddell Sea
and Drake Passage
SayedZ . E1-Sayeda nd EnriqueF . Mandelli ............................. 87
Microplanktono f the Weddell Sea
Enrique Balecha nd Sayed Z. E1-Sayed. ............................... 107
Radiolaria and Late Tertiary and QuaternaryH istory of Antarctic Seas
JamesD . Hays ..................................................... 125
Studies of the Midwater Fishes of the Peru-Chile Trench
William A. Bussing ................................................ 185
MonogeneticT rematodesfr om the SouthernP acific Ocean
1. Monopisthocotyleidfrso m New ZealandF ishes
William Arthur Dillon and William J. Hargis, Jr. ....................... 229
2. Polyopisthocotyleidfsr om New Zealand Fishes: The Families Dis-
cocotylidaeM, icrocotylidae,A xinidae, and Gastrocotylidae
William Arthur Dillon and William J. Hargis, Jr. ....................... 251
xi
Antarctic Research Series Biology of the Antarctic Seas II Vol. 5
P R E F A C E
The eight papers in this volume of the Antarctic Research Series comprise a second
collection of marine biological studies to appear under the title Biology of the Antarctic
Seas. The work was conducted at Stanford University. Texas A8rM University.
Columbia University, the University of Southern California. and the Virginia Institute
of Marine Science under the auspices of the United States Antarctic Research Program
of the National Science Foundation.
The volume is arranged to bring together papers that complement one another,
either by reason of supporting data or through regional association. There is another
advantage to this order: the first four contributions are largely concerned with
phenomena, whereas the last three emphasize systematics. Contribution number five
provides a balance between these general areas of research. Thus, although each
study is distinct and independent of the others, the subject materials are interrelated
and provide a common fund of information on Antarctic marine environments and
their organisms.
The first two contributions represent studies carried out in McMurdo Sound of
the Ross Sea in the course of an Antarctic year. Littlepage presents oceanographic
data taken from stations on the fast ice and lists biological and physical factors
affecting the transmission of light through the ice cover. He includes a few com-
parative measurements made under the Ross Ice Shelf. Pearse worked in the same
general locality and also at Cape Evans, where the sea is normally ice-free during the
peak of the austral summer. These two sites permitted Pearse to observe populations
of a comnlon asteroid, Odontaster validus Koehler, to determine if breeding is
correlated to the summer phytoproduction period or to other factors such as temper-
ature and light. The papers by El-Sayed and Mandelli and by Balech and El-Sajed
are companion studies carried out in the Drake Pasage and the Weddell Sea, in
cooperation with the Argentine Navy. The first paper reports on the distribution of
organic production and concludes that the standing crop of phytoplankton in the
Drake Passage was slightly higher than that in the Weddell Sea. It also shows
a lack of agreement in data on production values reported by other investigators.
The second paper is a discussion of the diatoms, dinoflagellates, silicoflagellates, and
tintinnids collected in the same region; the authors describe six new species of
dinoflagellates. Hays' contribution serves as a transition between the environmental
and purely systematic sections of the volume. It is a paleoecological study of environ-
mental factors affecting the distribution of Radiolarian species based on the taxonomic
study of faunas recovered from deep sea sediments in long piston cores. The cores
were obtained by Vema of the Lamont Geological Observatory, the Ob of the Soviet
Antarctic Expedition, U. S. Navy ships of Task Force 43 supporting the U. S. national
program in Antarctica, and the USNS Eltanin, research vessel of the U. S. Antarctic
Research Program.
The paper by Bussing is a systematic analysis of the composition of mid-water
fish population of the Peru-Chile Trench and the waters off the west coast of South
America; it considers the possible effects of the Antarctic Convergence as a faunal
barrier in the natural geographical range of mid-water fishes and discusses the
vertical and latitudinal distribution of the 100 species examined during the course of
Copyright American Geophysical Union
Antarctic Research Series Biology of the Antarctic Seas II Vol. 5
this study. The work was conducted on the USNS Eltanin. The last two contributions
by Dillon and Hargis on the monogenetic trematodes of marine fishes describe new
species. They include other nomenclatural changes and a discussion on host specificity.
The nineteen species of trematodes considered in the two systematic treatises are only
a part of the total collected by personnel of the Virginia Institute of Marine Science on
their return from Antarctica.
GEORGEA . LLANO
Copyright American Geophysical Union
Antarctic Research Series Biology of the Antarctic Seas II Vol. 5
OCEANOGRAPHIC INVESTIGATIONS IN
MCMURDO SOUND, ANTARCTICA
JACK L. LITTLEPAGE (cid:127)
Departmenot /BiologicalS ciencesS, tan/ordU niversityS, tan/ord,C ali/ornia
Abstract. Oceanographico bservationsw ere made from a small field station on floating sea ice in
290 meters of water throughout the 1951 calendar year. A few comparative measurementsw ere
made from nearby shallow stations and from the Ross Ice Shelf. Water temperature, oxygen,
salinity, pH, phosphates, ilicate, current velocity and direction,l ight transmissionb y sea ice, and
air temperaturew ere measured. Water temperaturesa re relatively stable throughoutt he year,
but two hydrographics easonsa re well defined. Summerc onditionsa re presentf rom December
throughA pril whens urfacew atert emperaturee xceeds-- 1.80øC. Winter conditionsp revailt hrough-
out the remainder of the year.
Salinity decreasesin summeri n responset o melting sea ice and increasesi n winter as sea ice
forms. During the periodo f coldestw ater temperaturess alinity measurementms ay be in error due
to the inclusiono f ice crystalsw ithin the salinity sample. Oxygena nd pH reflectedp hotosynthetic
activity. Phosphatea nd silicate were abundantt hroughoutt he year. Currentsw ithin McMurdo
Sound were highly variable, reflect both tidal and geographici nfluence,a nd generally move in a
northeast-southwest direction.
The transmissiono f light by in situ sea ice dependsu pon the growth of epontic diatoms and
sea water temperature. Light transmissiond id not increasea s Sun angle increased.
The substratec onsistedo f siliceouss pongem at and associatedd ebris throughout the entire study.
INTRODUCTION biologicalp rocesses.I n addition this study extends
oceanographioc bservationsin McMurdo Sound from
The extremelyi mportant role of Antarctic water in
the termination of measurementsa t the adjacent
global oceanographhy as been well documentedb y
Tressler Icehole OceanographicS tation (TOS) in
numerous Antarctic expeditions over the past 75
early 1961 [Tressleta nd Ommundsen1,9 62] to com-
years [Sverdrupe t al., 1942]. Little informationh as
pletion of the presents tudy in late December1 961.
been available,h owever,c oncerningi nshorec ontinen-
The two studiest ogetherp rovide a record of oceano-
tal waters[Bunt1, 960; Bayer,1 961; Dearborn1, 965a].
graphicc onditionso ver a 20-monthp eriod.
The renewede mphasiso n permanenAt ntarctics tations
The physical factors--temperature,s alinity, dis-
at fixed continental locations has resulted in inshore
solved oxygen, pH, phosphatess, ilicates,o cean cur-
oceanographsitcu dieast Mawsons tation[ Bunt,1 960]
rents, and light transmissionb y in situ sea ice--were
and at McMurdo station [Tresslet and Ommundsen,
considereda, nd their role in the oceanographyo f
1962]. These studies have indicated that there are
McMurdo Sound has been summarized.
many significantd ifferencebs etweenA ntarctici nshore
waters and Antarctic oceanic waters.
DESCRIPTION OF AREA
The purposeo f the presents tudyi s to characterize
further this inshore water in the general vicinity of McMurdo Sound lies between Ross Island and the
RossI sland, to provide a generalo utline of temporal Antarctic mainland at the southwest corner of the
oceanographicch angesw ithin McMurdo Sound,a nd Ross Sea. The Sound is about 72 km wide at the
to investigatet he effectso f these changeso n certain entrance. It is about 81 km long and is blocked at
the southerne nd by the RossI ce Shelf. The Soundi s
(cid:127) Present address' Biology Department, University of Vic-
toria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. relativelys hallowa longt he westerne dgea nd deepens
Copyright American Geophysical Union
Antarctic Research Series Biology of the Antarctic Seas II Vol. 5
2 JACK L. LITTLEPAGE
16(cid:127) ø 40' . so'
...... i i , i i i i I I I . I I L
48' -
' / (cid:127) (cid:127) CastleR ock
(cid:127) / / / / r'' / '(cid:127)// / / 'L',":'
49' - :4' ' ,/ /_/,/ (cid:127),/ / (cid:127)'(cid:127) _/' // ,(cid:127) / (cid:127) I (cid:127) / (cid:127) /(cid:127)(cid:127) I JI I (cid:127) ¾.:.'...;.... ... .:. .t(cid:127).-.:.' ..:-.:..".ß..''- -. ..."'.,:: '':.":?-(cid:127) .":-..- .':.4: 9':"t -
- ,(cid:127),. / "' (cid:127)'(cid:127) I//// '(cid:127) (cid:127)--/(cid:127) I (cid:127) (cid:127)' / ./ / /(cid:127).(cid:127) (cid:127).'.:":':F:;:';;;.%':"::.."?
15" ' /s, .o... (cid:127)///I/ ///// / ' '. (cid:127) /I) ,I (cid:127). (cid:127) / _// / ß /(cid:127) / (cid:127) ''' .::." ''-:.'... ."..(cid:127) :.:.,..(cid:127):. ..... .1-5,", '...:'
30 w -- /.'.' ,vf, (cid:127) (cid:127) ' (cid:127) (cid:127) x , (cid:127) (cid:127), (cid:127) / /(cid:127) .(cid:127).(cid:127) (cid:127) / .:: (cid:127):(cid:127)::':'(cid:127):':.;;': ;3-0". .
- .(cid:127) !/t,//I '(cid:127)--(cid:127) k (cid:127). k(cid:127)l(cid:127), / (cid:127)z(cid:127):?'.;b--(cid:127)"'.'(cid:127)i
45" 45"
' / t r N (cid:127) ' (cid:127) ' I ""(cid:127)"'"; "";"
77 o ,, (cid:127) / (cid:127) (cid:127) u ß ß (cid:127) (cid:127) I I ! , I, ! l'".'::' .':.Y7:':.'t .'*.:'..'(cid:127).?.'::_.::' '.(cid:127): '.:'
,(cid:127) (cid:127) X(cid:127)/(cid:127)((cid:127)(cid:127)/x. t. I / / ./ / / (cid:127)/(cid:127)//.(cid:127).b.:(cid:127).(cid:127)?;(cid:127):':':%:;:-(cid:127)
50'
', 14',3 ,o6 I I I / (cid:127) '',(cid:127) N (cid:127) (cid:127) / / ß , // //k,..'..-..;,.., . .. .......' ..',. .. (cid:127) .. "..(cid:127).... .". .... ..(cid:127)..".. .. ....-..,.'...' ......,.. .:....:..".:.....,... .;, .....,-. ....(cid:127)... ..(cid:127).... .'..-.. .. .....:....ß....,.... . ... ..
'' 56 (cid:127) 14/0, , s 7(cid:127) o (cid:127)l (cid:127) (cid:127) !/ (cid:127) (cid:127)(cid:127) (cid:127) (cid:127)o (cid:127) "' o(cid:127) I, (cid:127)- X (cid:127) (cid:127) II ) Cr(cid:127)ma7e r(cid:127) H(cid:127) dl/ / / / / /(cid:127) / .;Z.;..(cid:127)-..(cid:127),..'. ,. (cid:127):. ..:......(cid:127),-,...(cid:127)(cid:127).... ..."' ....-...-. ...,'.:.....':'.(cid:127).. (cid:127).....:'-.... ..(cid:127)..:......,.,. (cid:127).. '..- ..:...;.. (cid:127).....(cid:127)..;ß...:.;.......,(cid:127),.'.. ,...'.. . .:.........(cid:127)(cid:127),... .,'..:..',.ß.. .. :.. ......ß'. ......t......., ........--.?,..'... .. '... .ß...(cid:127)..,.(cid:127).... ;', ,....:......,.....'..:..'..:. .,..:,..'. .....(cid:127)ß...,.' .. ,.,:. . .., .. ,. .... ..(cid:127),..,.,..,.-".:...'..(cid:127). ; .. ....'.(cid:127) .;.:.. ;(cid:127).(cid:127).;,:,:
124(cid:127) I "(cid:127) (cid:127) (cid:127) / / (cid:127).'.;'-:.,(cid:127);?(cid:127).:;(cid:127)k]';:;r.(cid:127);(cid:127).;:,2.::;.Y..-&(cid:127)?
ß Hut(cid:127) I (cid:127) (cid:127) .........;.-..(cid:127).. ...,. ....(cid:127) -.,..-..,,.,,:(cid:127)...,. t
- (cid:127)312(cid:127)3 , I(cid:127), (cid:127) 5400 2:. ..6 . .-.- (cid:127)(cid:127)e : ['3,-' (cid:127). . . .(cid:127)':,(cid:127) / (cid:127).(cid:127).N .. .(cid:127).u c(cid:127) l(cid:127)ewaerp r i(cid:127)t(cid:127)(cid:127) (cid:127)(cid:127) / .(cid:127) (cid:127) (cid:127)..."..:.(cid:127),.",....'.. .P..(cid:127):.'',.'..: .r...... .a".<,.. ..,...Pm...".... ;..,ß,.. .o't.'. .(cid:127)'. (cid:127).. ....:c...l... (cid:127) ...n.%,:.. ...... . '...- . (cid:127)*.t..:..'....: ½.::..:".,.:..,...:.... * .,..,:."...' . :(cid:127)(cid:127) ..(cid:127)...:...:[., '.,-. -., .'..-,,..:t..(cid:127)(cid:127)...-".: r...:.,.:.. :.. ..'.(cid:127).:..-.....r(cid:127)'.'..(cid:127)......, '.. ,.,. (cid:127)..*...' t..,.-.(cid:127).*'..:::.--.-.:"-...- (cid:127)(cid:127).....,(cid:127)...'.(cid:127)'-.:..(cid:127).(cid:127).'..* (cid:127)-,-.:..:.:,.. ,.::. ' ...,': .-..:.'..?.' ..-(cid:127)..:.....,...(cid:127)...-...(cid:127);....':. .-.-. . :":.: <...5*(cid:127).::.1., (cid:127). ' .:(cid:127)-;.t... . ....' .,..,.:..';.,.,:. ..*..(cid:127)(cid:127),. ,/ .:
204 t I00 37 ß (cid:127)(cid:127) (cid:127) . /(cid:127),?;(cid:127),':-:.(cid:127). .... .':. ,(cid:127),".,vC(cid:127),:::.; -.''(cid:127)F.?:::.:.(cid:127)'.::t :'(cid:127):..:: ',..:.:W..(cid:127)*.,.;k::::'::...':(cid:127).',:..(cid:127): : i.:",:'q:
(cid:127) 6712 ...... (cid:127)b(cid:127)tmn (cid:127)! '". ...' t.. ...:.. .. .(cid:127).. ,-.:...:.:-.. ....-...-. ;(cid:127). ..... .............,...: ......-.,,?.?-(cid:127).'.';
163 t 70 6 E (cid:127) ,/ (cid:127)..t.:..(cid:127) . ...ß.(cid:127).. ...'..ß:.... .. ... ... a.............. -..(cid:127).,v................ . .:.-... .(cid:127)........(cid:127)..........(cid:127)..:..(cid:127)...............,...... .(cid:127)...............-.. ... .(cid:127)..:.-. .... .;. .(cid:127).(cid:127).(cid:127).(cid:127)`..(cid:127)...(cid:127).(cid:127):(cid:127)?...:(cid:127):.(cid:127):(cid:127)`...(cid:127)..:.?....(cid:127):...(cid:127).:::.:(cid:127)
152 (cid:127)t, .... (cid:127)9 '3 -X(cid:127) / /C(cid:127) a':(cid:127)p:(cid:127)<.e'..5'. '.: A:.(cid:127) .Yr;m'(cid:127) (cid:127)(cid:127)* (cid:127).,.'t..-a:.C'. g' .v''. ,e:(cid:127):4 .'. .: ..'(cid:127)(cid:127). ''-..-:;.', (cid:127)-::.:(cid:127)*:t- (cid:127).,.... &:.u :.?:t.?::(cid:127)..(cid:127),t.-.,".-.. :-;.:' ;t-:. :l.:(cid:127):.''-(cid:127);,-::.-.-.,.'.(cid:127):(cid:127).::.t:,. ' ::(. .(cid:127)...t ::;.(cid:127)..(cid:127)(cid:127).'.(cid:127)...:.,': (cid:127) ;:, [...".: .,:.'...(cid:127):(cid:127)(cid:127)'-::t..(cid:127), .:(cid:127): ., ',::.'.:,.'.'.(cid:127),-(cid:127)(cid:127):. ' ,'(cid:127):(cid:127);:-..,:.'(cid:127)..:';:,*;(cid:127):t: '-,?-(cid:127). ,Z.v.(cid:127).,.'(cid:127):.:(cid:127)' ...:M(cid:127),(cid:127)..": :.:%..:%.:, :.'(cid:127)(cid:127):...,.;.:: '-:, :.':
,?e ,8(cid:127) 8eø(cid:127) (cid:127) (cid:127)o..(cid:127) . . (cid:127) :(cid:127) ,o(cid:127),(cid:127) 60 (cid:127) '"'""',(cid:127).:,.;.:'.,:.:.:.(cid:127):t.::.'::.:...?(cid:127)::,.,',(cid:127)¾:.....::
52' 52'
(cid:127)76 2(cid:127)4 (cid:127)'(cid:127)7:(cid:127).
2//y//,. 2011 8 233 (cid:127) .(cid:127):(cid:127):::(cid:127):'.(cid:127).'(cid:127)(cid:127).:,;'.:.t:(cid:127)' ;(cid:127).;(cid:127) :.
(cid:127)t.'(cid:127)'.';:::":'(cid:127).(cid:127):(cid:127)'.,((cid:127)////z 212 261 x(cid:127) (cid:127):.).:.(cid:127),(cid:127);'q-'
53' 53'
(cid:127)ß::- ...:..?-..'.(cid:127)' .-.*.c'..(cid:127).:.. ..:.' (cid:127),..,.%(cid:127).,'-(cid:127)(cid:127).(cid:127)..5:..<-'..;,.',(cid:127).,.. (cid:127). .::-(cid:127)' :.(cid:127)/ z(cid:127) ;. N,(cid:127)(cid:127).'.,..-"... ,(cid:127),(cid:127)':.(cid:127) .,,'.:....t:.'c{ ,..'(cid:127):'' r.::::;,*.?..,;.. .::(cid:127)(cid:127) ..:(cid:127)(cid:127),.(cid:127).:-,..:,.,,'./:...(cid:127)'.;....;,...'-;.,.;(cid:127).:(cid:127);.;.. .(cid:127).-.'- 5'.- .(cid:127) ;....5(cid:127)''-.: .;:. 'i(cid:127)(cid:127)-.(cid:127)T:. .
:.>(cid:127). ,.(cid:127)ß.' .;. ;, (cid:127).:;(cid:127): .7.(cid:127). .:(cid:127):.:,.: .:.';...'(cid:127)(cid:127) .u.:'.,,,. :(cid:127)::; "-,(cid:127). (cid:127) , :.. .:. %.,..,. .;.(cid:127):. (cid:127),. i TO$ (cid:127) O (cid:127)(cid:127) .,.'..'::.'.:.'.'..2 - ' ....t.. ':.-'(cid:127).(cid:127).' '(cid:127).,.. -::?,". ,.- :' '.(cid:127) ..(cid:127).:.:'.;,.'..;,. . '(cid:127),.'"...(cid:127)..,.:(cid:127).,: (cid:127):..:.,: ..' .,::... ...,::.. .(cid:127),.i. .:;,....:5 ;-' :.(;.',(cid:127).-v:(cid:127); .....?..;,:-.. .' ':..:(cid:127);:'..(cid:127) , ,
:%;: .:..'-4:, (cid:127) . ;' (cid:127).:'d:' :'1. ' .t.;(cid:127) t.. (cid:127). "::(cid:127),":.(cid:127). ?(cid:127). /(cid:127) (cid:127). '-"' (cid:127).':'-(cid:127)- . :(cid:127)' -A' "' " ." (cid:127)':; :, (cid:127) :" (cid:127) J.
':.,.(cid:127):::.'..::.:.F.::k','.(cid:127)??';t:.-':-i?:..(cid:127):,,(cid:127).....(cid:127)WIiiiil, _ (cid:127) (cid:127)t..'.":'.'.(cid:127)',"..(cid:127)'.'F."(cid:127)'".d;LkD(cid:127)':.'5(cid:127)::'(cid:127)"(cid:127)."(cid:127):
.:(cid:127)'.(cid:127)'::(cid:127)'.: .2.:?(cid:127):,;q:(cid:127).(cid:127) .:?. .; (cid:127).(cid:127)'.{?;..:,':.(cid:127)%k.>',?(cid:127):;(q - ./(cid:127)//, 319 x(cid:127) .(cid:127)'.P.":'(cid:127)(cid:127)' ; :-:(cid:127).(cid:127)'- ,':.;".(cid:127),'::?'.(cid:127)' .'.:"(cid:127).k'";.:'::(cid:127)':k.(cid:127)"'::::..;,'.96:(cid:127).... :-';::'.'-:-:.:;-
ß,: c:.'.r.':(cid:127)%,.";..';.(cid:127).,:(cid:127)'...,-.:..(cid:127)'v(cid:127);&..(cid:127) ,;(cid:127),,..:.(cid:127).;2,/ //I;'- (cid:127)'(cid:127):'""(cid:127)""' (cid:127)': '":'(cid:127); '"'' :;(cid:127):'*'%"?(cid:127):'(cid:127)":";' :"(cid:127)(cid:127)' :'q":
(cid:127) .(cid:127): .:%:% .: :';(cid:127), ::. ,"7(cid:127)Y, ,:(cid:127)..: (cid:127)v;:- .:(cid:127).::;(cid:127): (cid:127);.., .(cid:127) (cid:127).;(cid:127).:.; (cid:127):(cid:127)(cid:127):- -.:.y.: (cid:127)(cid:127) (cid:127) (cid:127) I I I///, ,(cid:127) .y.-.:.(cid:127)'?.(cid:127)(cid:127)..:. (cid:127).: (cid:127)(cid:127) :? d:: -'..(cid:127)' (cid:127)::?. (cid:127) (cid:127) )'::-.;(cid:127)t7?.::;'::' :(cid:127) Y(cid:127).':'(cid:127)';:<'(cid:127)(cid:127) . 5(cid:127).(cid:127)(cid:127) .h .(cid:127).:(cid:127).;: .(cid:127);::.t'
.-:::: ,.:.(cid:127)(cid:127); .-..-;:cy(cid:127).,'-?.:-C.: P-:.;-' .::(cid:127)J:L: (cid:127)';(cid:127) :C(cid:127):< -',; '.k.:.(cid:127)":½ (cid:127).':;: 1 U/111ß1 11 ,(cid:127) X(cid:127)h%(cid:127) -''. ,:.:.":..:''(cid:127)-:'.:?: : ;:'.-(cid:127)''.(cid:127);. ;-g:'+.;:(cid:127).,(cid:127) , :9';'(cid:127)ß:..: :'',/: :' :C:.".?..:: ¾:::.(cid:127).'-;.':(cid:127):: .-,'; : :
t.(cid:127):(cid:127)..(cid:127):.(cid:127)?:`.7..?(cid:127):(cid:127).(cid:127).:(cid:127);:.....?...(cid:127)2:.;(cid:127).y(cid:127)..:.;...'.(cid:127) (cid:127) :(cid:127)::?(cid:127) :`.;I(cid:127)1`.(cid:127)I. I(cid:127)H..;,..Y (cid:127):.:(cid:127) ,(cid:127)x. :.;'k.U(cid:127)'..'(cid:127):y:...':j..:(cid:127)(cid:127):';;.(cid:127)(cid:127)-.h(cid:127):: ,:4::-9h:,;'.:'(cid:127).,:''.' .(cid:127)' (cid:127)'?.(cid:127),
'..:::-.:,.-' :.:'-. (cid:127).'''. ; (cid:127)'../::: ..'.- :(cid:127). (cid:127) ::-(cid:127):,'. '.5 -v.";:?,',(cid:127)-.::,. ::'.(cid:127) (cid:127). (cid:127) (cid:127)O--- ul//11" ,(cid:127) Xhh-(cid:127); ':(cid:127) ':'-:I'T M '7L -(cid:127),' ::5 :',".?':.:''U ;:.(cid:127):. '.t: 'J; ".'.(cid:127).':(cid:127)''-/.:."' :.'(cid:127);;'.'(cid:127) ':;::(cid:127)'- .(cid:127)"';(cid:127)t';
":;(cid:127)- :''(cid:127);."-"r;. ;2.,.,...?:.:.', (cid:127).'":";, : "'(cid:127);*. :' "".:'',"'.' ":...'.:.."' .-;(cid:127):',. ;:.(cid:127)''½(cid:127),-" ':';':.,";".: ;:(cid:127),'½' ':-:; " ..:.::..',.;,." .."(cid:127)....-.': , ' ;,k(cid:127) ..'"*.:.;... -.':':.:''. :':.;''.(cid:127) . --'''(cid:127):.':- :,'(cid:127):, '(cid:127)V;.*.:..::..,:'.' ...-.(cid:127).".:,.:;..-W- ": : --;'. .--:.-. .- o...'(cid:127).. . .. .(cid:127)q (cid:127)// , //(cid:127)191 111"1.(cid:127)1. ,.1..:.1k .;1'..(cid:127) (cid:127):N';(cid:127):"-.N;(cid:127) .''.(cid:127),Y. :.-.'.::../ '.-i(cid:127) (cid:127)::"(cid:127);',-".:. '.,* . ..<'(cid:127)'.. ".(.-,':'-;:'':' ::"" .".:.(cid:127): ''.,;'(cid:127)(cid:127),*:.. "..,. ,(cid:127)ß,.-(cid:127)., .,.::-....:""(cid:127) ::'. "-(cid:127):' -.:.".". (cid:127),'?-(cid:127) :*:: '.:""'.(cid:127):'(cid:127) . :'(cid:127)'(cid:127) ;',..'," :':."?" '(cid:127),"t,-'(cid:127). ,;.';':(cid:127).:'':*.(cid:127)' '.(cid:127)-':"; ':-':: ',-c''""'..':.(cid:127)' *.'':,'"-'."':":(cid:127)(cid:127). .'.,.q. .(cid:127)'.-.'(cid:127):
::(cid:127)::::(cid:127). (cid:127)(cid:127)Y'(cid:127)., :' '(cid:127) ,,?. ;: ,;.(cid:127):(cid:127):'::-(cid:127): :.(cid:127).LY.;..;(cid:127)?::...:;q(cid:127)(cid:127)?:-..(cid:127).. ,?t?'.'(cid:127) -::? ?:} ' .?':-(cid:127)?::.::;':::-'J (cid:127)..(cid:127) :-(cid:127)'::5;,,.-(cid:127):.. ?; .(cid:127).-%.'.(,: ?.:,.:..: :::(cid:127). (cid:127)(cid:127) .:.:(cid:127)(cid:127)(cid:127)';: '.:??'..''::.(cid:127)..:. :"(cid:127):::';;k(cid:127)(cid:127)(cid:127)F:' .;; ::::. ::(cid:127)];.:(cid:127)' : (cid:127):](cid:127):(cid:127) (:.(cid:127) . .:. ):'(cid:127))(cid:127):::'.. , . ',..
ß(cid:127) ';..'<.'.,.,.; . _.(cid:127).;. .' .-?'.......(cid:127).(cid:127). ? ...;'.(cid:127)::,-:: (cid:127)_-::.(cid:127).,:,¾'.,,(cid:127)':::;.. (cid:127).':'.:(cid:127);.(cid:127)'-:'. ;.-:(cid:127).:(cid:127):'.. ,(cid:127)(cid:127)½ (cid:127)::.¾(cid:127).','(cid:127)(cid:127)-.:(cid:127)':,,(cid:127)_:(cid:127): (cid:127)?(cid:127);:(cid:127).'(cid:127)v.:.:(cid:127):.'.:.,(cid:127);.,.;;':... :.. ::.:(cid:127)?(cid:127) ., (cid:127)'(cid:127).':7 (cid:127)::'" ':
166 ø 4o' 5o'
Fig. la. McMurdo station, Antarctica. Location map of Stanford stations 60A, 61B, 61D, and 61E. Also shown is the location
of the TresslerO ceanographics tation (TOS) (from Tresslera nd Ommundsen[1 962]).
Copyright American Geophysical Union