Biology of Microfungi

651 Pages·2016·13.74 MB·English

by  De-Wei Li (eds.)

Fungal Biology
Editor
De-Wei Li
Biology of
Microfungi
Fungal Biology
Series Editors:
Vijai Kumar Gupta, PhD
Molecular Glycobiotechnology Group, Department of Biochemistry,
School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway,
Galway , Ireland
Maria G. Tuohy, PhD
Molecular Glycobiotechnology Group, Department of Biochemistry,
School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway,

Galway , Ireland
More information about this series at h ttp://www.springer.com/series/11224

De-Wei Li
Editor
Biology of Microfungi
Editor
De-Wei Li
The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment
Station Valley Laboratory
Windsor , CT , USA
Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable
Forestry in Southern China
Nanjing Forestry University
Nanjing , Jiangsu , China
ISSN 2198-7777 ISSN 2198-7785 (electronic)
Fungal Biology
ISBN 978-3-319-29135-2 ISBN 978-3-319-29137-6 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-29137-6
Library of Congress Control Number: 2016933679
Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London
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Pref ace
To me, mycology is not only a branch of biological science but also an acquired
interest and passion. It has led me to cross the Pacifi c Ocean from China to Canada
27 years ago and later to the USA to pursue my professional dream. It was a long
trip, full of challenges and sometimes doubts. When I was teaching plant pathology
at Olds College in Alberta, I was very grateful to Olds College for offering me my
fi rst job in North America after my graduate studies and postdoctoral work. At the
same time, I missed mycological research and assumed that mycology might have
parted from me. During the pinnacle of public health concerns to indoor molds
along with a mounting number of indoor mold-related litigations in the USA in the
early 2000s, an industry job provided me an opportunity to return to mycology by
working on indoor molds, most of which are microfungi. I have been working on
microfungi and aeromycology ever since. This is one of the major reasons why the
book was titled “Biology of Microfungi.”
The focus of this book is principally on covering the latest development of
research on microfungi from both systematic and practical aspects. In a broad sense,
Mesofungi were also covered. It is not an overstatement that microfungi are in our
daily life, but we normally do not realize the presence of these microfungi. It is
almost impossible and impractical for us to live a microfungi-free environment,
whether we recognize it or not. Fungi are ubiquitous. Spores of microfungi are pres-
ent in the air. We breathe them in and out all the time. Microfungi are both our
friends and foes. Without microfungi, we would not be able to enjoy our bread,
mantou (steamed bun), other baked food, fermented food, preserved food, alcoholic
beverages (beer, wine, liquor, tequila, rice wine, etc.), and access to some modern
medication, such as penicillin and cyclosporin, etc., which are secondary metabo-
lites of microfungi. Microfungi have been directly used as medicinal herbs in
Chinese medicine to treat various diseases for over 1000 years. A number of micro-
fungi have been used as biocontrol agents to manage plant insects and diseases,
such as Trichoderma spp., C lonostachys rosea (Link) Schroers et al. (≡ G liocladium
rosea Bainier) for plant disease control, B eauveria bassiana (Bals.-Criv.) Vuill., and
Metarhizium anisopliae (Metchnikoff) Sorokin for controlling insects. Without
microfungi as decomposers, our planet would be buried by numerous mountains of
v
vi Preface
plant litter and nutrient fl ow/recycle in our ecosystem would be interrupted or even
stopped. Without the microfungi of Glomeromycota to form arbuscular mycorrhi-
zae, the host plants’ adaptability to adverse environments would be signifi cantly
reduced and some may not even be able to survive. For these aspects, microfungi are
our friends. On the negative aspects, some microfungi are pathogenic to humans,
animals, or plants. Some microfungi, such as S tachybotrys chartarum , Fusarium
spp., Aspergillus fl avus, are able to produce mycotoxins, which are detrimental to
the health of humans and animals. Microfungi, especially airborne fungal spores,
can be allergens to some individuals. Thus, these microfungi are our foes. Some
microfungi can be both benefi cial and detrimental to human beings. For example,
Tilletia hordei , Ustilago crameri , U stilago maydis (DC.) Corda, and U stilago nuda
(C.N. Jensen) Rostrup cause smuts on a number of cereal crops and grasses, but
they are used as medicinal remedies in Chinese medicine.
H ave we fully explored the resources of microfungi? The answer is defi nitely NO.
T his book is a collective effort of a team of mycologists who either contributed
chapter(s) to this book or reviewed manuscripts to make this book possible. I am so
fortunate that such a wonderful group of mycologists accepted my invitation and
committed themselves and their time to contribute to this book. At the time of com-
pleting this book, I am very grateful to have had this opportunity to edit it. I have
learnt so much from what the chapter authors have covered. However, any errors in
the book are mine.
The editor would like to express his gratitude to Dr. Bryce Kendrick for his men-
torship and friendship. Without his courage and support, I would not have been able
to take on this editorial task. The editor is very appreciative to the authors for their
excellent contributions. Without their collaboration, it would be impossible to see
this book in print. I am very grateful to the former and current directors of The
Connecticut Agricultural Experiment (CAES), Dr. John Anderson, the late Dr.
Louis A. Magnarelli, and Dr. Theodore G. Andreadis and Chief Scientist of Valley
Laboratory, Dr. James LaMondia, for their support. I am very privileged to work at
CAES as a mycologist and enjoy my mycological research. I am very much indebted
to my wife, Jin Zhang ((cid:5456)(cid:10926)) for her unreserved love and persistent support.
Windsor, CT De-Wei Li
Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (cid:7556)(cid:5613)(cid:1365)
Contents
1 Introduction: Advances and Predicament ............................................ 1
De-Wei Li
2 Recent Changes in Fungal Nomenclature and Their Impact
on Naming of Microfungi ....................................................................... 7
Walter Gams
3 Future Perspectives and Challenges of Fungal Systematics
in the Age of Big Data ............................................................................. 25
Zheng Wang , R. Henrik Nilsson , Timothy Y. James , Yucheng Dai ,
and Jeffrey P. Townsend
4 Molecular Techniques in Mycological Studies and Sequence
Data Curating: Quality Control and Challenges ................................. 47
R. Henrik Nilsson , Kessy Abarenkov , and Urmas Kõljalg
5 Challenges and Future Perspectives in the Systematics
of Kickxellomycotina, Mortierellomycotina, Mucoromycotina,
and Zoopagomycotina.............................................................................. 65
Gerald L. Benny , Matthew E. Smith , Paul M. Kirk , Eric D. Tretter ,
and Merlin M. White
6 Entomophthoromycota: A New Overview of Some
of the Oldest Terrestrial Fungi ............................................................... 127
Richard A. Humber
7 Latest Developments in the Research of Rust Fungi
and Their Allies (Pucciniomycotina) ..................................................... 147
Merje Toome-Heller
8 Conidiogenesis: Its Evolutionary Aspects in the Context
of a Philosophy of Opportunity (Lectics) .............................................. 169
Richard C. Summerbell and James A. Scott
vii
viii Contents
9 Fungal Diversity of Central and South America .................................. 197
Rafael F. Castañeda-Ruiz , Gabriela Heredia , Luis F. P. Gusmão ,
and De-Wei Li
10 Mesofungi ................................................................................................. 219
Bryce Kendrick
11 Evolution of Fungi and Update on Ethnomycology ............................. 237
De-Wei Li , R. F. Castañeda-Ruiz , and James LaMondia
12 Phylogenetic Diversity of Fungi in the Sea including
the Opisthosporidia .................................................................................. 267
Ka-Lai Pang and E. B. Gareth Jones
13 Biology and Ecology of Freshwater Fungi ............................................ 285
Clement K. M. Tsui , Christiane Baschien , and Teik-Khiang Goh
14 Dispersal Strategies of Microfungi ........................................................ 315
Donát Magyar , Máté Vass , and De-Wei Li
15 Microfungi in Indoor Environments: What Is Known
and What Is Not ...................................................................................... 373
Chin Yang , Sepideh Pakpour , John Klironomos , and De-Wei Li
16 Biology of the Whiskey Fungus ............................................................. 413
James A. Scott and R ichard C. Summerbell
17 Allergenic Microfungi and Human Health: A Review
on Exposure, Sensitization, and Sequencing Allergenic Proteins ....... 429
Mercedes Amado and Charles Barnes
18 What’s Old is New: Recognition of New Fungal Pathogens
in the Era of Phylogenetics and Changing Taxonomy
and Implications for Medical Mycology ............................................... 451
Nathan P. Wiederhold and Deanna A. Sutton
19 Mycotoxins in Food and Feed: A Challenge
for the Twenty-First Century ................................................................. 469
J. David Miller
20 Inhalation Exposure and Toxic Effects of Mycotoxins ........................ 495
Harriet M. Ammann
21 Fungi in Fermentation and Biotransformation Systems ..................... 525
Carla C. C. R. de Carvalho
22 Microfungi in Biofuel and Bioenergy Research ................................... 543
Richa Raghuwanshi , Shalini Singh , Mohd. Aamir , Amrita Saxena ,
Vijai Kumar Gupta , and R. S. Upadhyay
Contents ix
23 Interactions of Microfungi and Plant-Parasitic Nematodes ............... 573
James LaMondia and Patricia Timper
24 Pathogenic Microfungi Associated with Spartina in Salt Marshes ..... 615
Wade H. Elmer
Index ................................................................................................................. 631