Biology Made Simple

228 Pages·1972·15.154 MB·English

by  Ethel R. Hanauer

Only $4.95
Biology
A comprehensive
course for self-study
and review
Made Simple R.Hanauer
Revised Edition
WATER CYCLE
A. Sun
B. Cloud (water vapor)
J.
Evaporation
from
plants and
animals and
open water
Rain
(condensed \
water va^or)
Absorbed
by plant
roots D.
Run off to
streams,
rivers,
lakes and
H. Soil sea
water
G. Plants eaten by animals F. Soil water
V
*
I

BIOLOGY
MADE SIMPLE
Revised Edition

BIOLOGY
MADE SIMPLE
Revised Edition
Ethel R. Hanauer, M.A.
Instructor, Science Department, N.Y.C. High Schools
MADE SIMPLE BOOKS
Doubleday & Company, Inc.
Garden City, New York
ISBN: 0-385-01972-6
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 72-76229
Copyright © 1956, 1972 by Doubleday & Company, Inc.
All rights reserved
Printed in the United States of America
About This Book
The age we live in is an age of science. Science so dominates our lives and our
imaginations that life without it is unimaginable, and we are unable to escape its
consequences. But usually the subject matter of most science seems remote from
our daily lives, as is the case with the physical sciences. This is not true of Biology,
the subject matter of which makes it the most immediate and intimate of all the
sciences. For Biology is concerned with human beings and the nature of the world
around us, the world at our feet and fingertips.
Unfortunately, Biology has the reputation of being a “difficult” subject, as con¬
sisting of endless fists of unfamiliar Latin terms which must be memorized. This
need not be so: no science, least of all Biology, is a fist of terms; and Biology
should be learned, not memorized. But of course Biology, like all sciences, has a
special vocabulary which the serious reader must become familiar with—and that
is no cause for alarm. To overcome whatever “difficulty” they may present, I
have been extremely careful to define and explain each unfamiliar term as it arises
in the book, and to give the reader repeated opportunities to learn to use the word
in a variety of contexts and thus to master it. In addition the reader will find that
all the key terms have been defined and explained again in the Glossary.
It has been my primary intention to present this book as a complete and authori¬
tative self-study guide for the reader who is working and studying alone; although
the volume is also, I feel, suitable for school use as a text. To this end, I have been
concerned to arrange the subject matter into logically and systematically organized
chapters which will carry the reader through the entire scope of the science. But
feeling that even that is not enough for the total comprehension it was my aim to
provide, I have also provided throughout the book Summaries, which in each in¬
stance restates the essence of the preceding discussion.
Moreover, this has been reinforced with Exercises and Solutions, which are in¬
tended to be interesting as well as informative, and which will have the effect of se¬
curing, fixing the knowledge the reader has already acquired from the chapters them¬
selves. In short, all means have been employed so that the reader’s efforts shall be
rewarded with an understanding and mastery of the science of Biology—the science
of ourselves and the splendors of the natural world we occupy.
Ethel R. Hanauer
: i"
Contents
1. BIOLOGY—ITS SCOPE AND
5. CYCLES OF LIFE 40
METHOD 11
Matter 40
Elements, Mixtures and Compounds 40
Diffusion and Osmosis 41
2. THE NATURE OF LIFE 14
Oxidation and Energy 42
Differences Between Living and Non- Water Cycle 43
Living 14 Oxygen-Carbon Cycle 43
Do Plants Differ From Animals? 15 Nitrogen Cycle 43
Similarities Among Living Things 15 Balance in Nature 44
Brief History of Cells 16
Cell Structure 17
Food-Getting 18
6. THE PLANT KINGDOM:
Digestion 19
FUNGI 47
Absorption 20
Circulation 20
Bacteria 47
Assimilation 21
Useful Bacteria 48
Respiration 21
Harmful Bacteria 48
Excretion 22
Yeast 49
Reproduction 22
Rusts and Smuts 49
Motion and Locomotion 23
Mushrooms 50
Sensitivity and Behavior 23
Molds and Mildews 51
Antibiotics: The Wonder Drugs 52
3. THE ROLE OF
.
ENVIRONMENT 25 7 THE ALGAE AND THEIR
Environment 25 RELATIVES 54
Habitat 25
Characteristics and Distribution of
Climate Conditions 26
Natural Barriers 26 Algae 54
Community Living 26 Value to Man 54
Mosses and Liverworts 56
Protective Adaptations 27
Plant and Animal Interdependence 28 Ferns 57
Symbiosis 29
Parasitism 30
Saprophytes and Scavengers 30
8. THE FLOWERING PLANT 60
Evergreens 60
.
4 ORGANIZATION AND Flowering Plants 61
Roots 61
CLASSIFICATION 32
Modified Roots 63
Single-Celled Life: Plants 32 Stems 64
Single-Celled Life: Animals 33 Modified Stems 66
Cellular Organization 35 Leaves 66
Tissues 36 Modified Leaves 67
Organs 37 The Leaf as a Food Factory 68
Systems 37 Home Experiments 69
8 CONTENTS
Leaves Turn Color in the Fall 71 12. FOOD 126
The Flower 73
The Fruit and Seed 73 Classification and Value of Foods 126
Suggested Balanced Diet 126
Tests for Food Nutrients 127
Vitamins and Their Value 128
9. THE ANIMAL KINGDOM:
Guarding Our Food 131
THE INVERTEBRATES 78
Invertebrates: Protozoa 78 .
Sponges and Related Animals 80 13 THE NERVOUS SYSTEM:
Coral 81 THE SENSE ORGANS 132
Flatworms 81
Roundworms 82 Tropisms 132
Starfish and Relatives 82 “Nervous System” of Simple Animals 133
True Segmented Worms 83 The Human Nervous System 134
Clams and Their Relatives 84 The Brain 134
The Arthropods (“Segmented Legs”) 85 Neuron—Smallest Unit of Nervous
Lobsters, Crabs and Relatives 86 System 135
Centipedes and Millipedes 86 Reflexes 136
Spiders 87 Habits 137
Insects 87 Intelligence 137
Life Cycles and Metamorphosis of The Reproductive System 138
Insects 88 The Sense Organs 139
Social Insects 91 The Eyes 139
Economic Importance of Insects 92 The Ears 141
Organs of Taste, Smell and Touch 142
10. THE ANIMAL KINGDOM:
14. DISEASE: ITS CAUSES AND
THE VERTEBRATES 94
CONTROL 143
Fish 94
Brief History of “Men Against
Amphibians 96
Disease” 143
Reptiles 98
Studying Bacteria in the Laboratory 144
Birds 99
Pathogenic Bacteria 145
Mammals 103
Natural Body Protection Against
Bacterial Invasion 145
Natural and Acquired Immunity 146
THE HUMAN BEING: HIS
The Virus 147
LIFE FUNCTIONS AND Parasitic Diseases 148
ADAPTATIONS 107 Chemotherapy and the “Wonder
Drugs” 150
Ingestion or Food-Getting 107 Diseases—A Social Problem 151
Digestion 108
Structure of Digestive System 109
.
Absorption 110
15 REPRODUCTION 154
Circulation 111
The Human Circulatory System 111 Spontaneous Generation 154
Blood Vessels 113 Asexual Reproduction 155
The Blood 114 Primitive Sexual Reproduction 156
Respiration 116 Vegetative Propagation 156
Inspiration 117 Sexual Reproduction—The Flowering
Excretion 118 Plant 159
“Ductless” Glands 120 Sexual Reproduction—Vertebrate
Skeletal and Muscular Systems 121 Animals 160