Biology: Foundations

1022 Pages·2009·320.34 MB·English

by  Kenneth Miller

FOUNDATION EDITION
Professor of Biology, Brown University
Providence, Rhode Island
Science Writer and Producer
Concord, Massachusetts
Boston, Massachusetts • Chandler, Arizona • Glenview, Illinois • Upper Saddle River, New Jersey
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Print Components Technology Components
Student Foundation Edition Biology.com
Teacher’s Foundation Edition Untamed Science® Video Series: BioAdventures DVD
Study Workbook A Classroom Resources DVD-ROM
Study Workbook A, Teacher’s Edition ExamView CD-ROM
Study Workbook B: Reading Foundations Virtual BioLab DVD-ROM with Lab Manual
Study Workbook B: Reading Foundations,
Teacher’s Edition
English Language Learners
Laboratory Manual A
Teacher’s ELL Handbook
Laboratory Manual A, Teacher’s Edition
Multilingual Glossary
Laboratory Manual B: Skill Foundations
Laboratory Manual B: Skill Foundations,
Teacher’s Edition
Probeware Lab Manual
Assessment Resources
Transparencies
Photographs Every effort has been made to secure permission and provide appropriate credit for photographic
material. The publisher deeply regrets any omission and pledges to correct errors called to its attention in
subsequent editions.
Credits appear on pages C-1–C-3, which constitute an extension of this copyright page.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Printed in the United States of
America. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to
any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permissions, write to Rights
Management & Contracts, Pearson Education, Inc., One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458.
Pearson, Prentice Hall, and Pearson Prentice Hall are trademarks, in the U.S. and/or other countries, of Pearson
Education, Inc., or its affiliates.
Untamed Science is a registered trademark of EcoMedia LLC. ExamView® is a registered trademark of eInstruction
Corporation. Use of the trademarks implies no relationship, sponsorship, endorsement, sale, or promotion on the
part of Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates.
“Understanding by Design” is registered as a trademark with the United States Patent and Trademark Office by the
Association for Supervision of Curriculum Development (ASCD). ASCD claims exclusive trademark rights in the
terms “Understanding by Design” and the abbreviation “UbD”. Pearson Education has incorporated the concepts of
the Understanding by Design methodology into this text in consultation with Grant Wiggins, one of the creators of
the Understanding by Design methodology. The Association for Supervision of Curriculum Development (ASCD),
publisher of the “Understanding by Design Handbook” co-authored by Grant Wiggins, has not authorized, approved
or sponsored this work and is in no way affiliated with Pearson or its products.
ISBN-13: 978-0-13-366961-9
ISBN-10: 0-13-366961-0
8 9 10 V057 16 15 14 13 12
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About the Authors
Kenneth R. Miller grew up in Rahway, New Jersey, attended
the local public schools, and graduated from Rahway High School
in 1966. Miller attended Brown University on a scholarship and
graduated with honors. He was awarded a National Defense
Education Act fellowship for graduate study, and earned his Ph.D.
in Biology at the University of Colorado. Miller is professor of
Biology at Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island, where he
teaches courses in general biology and cell biology.
Miller‘s research specialty is the structure of biological
membranes. He has published more than 70 research papers in
journals such as CELL, Nature, and Scientific American. He has
also written the popular trade books Finding Darwin‘s God and
Only a Theory. He is a fellow of the American Association for the
Advancement of Science.
Miller lives with his wife, Jody, on a small farm in Rehoboth,
Massachusetts. He is the father of two daughters, one a wildlife
biologist and the other a high-school history teacher. He swims
competitively in the masters‘ swimming program and umpires high
school and collegiate softball.
Joseph S. Levine was born in Mount Vernon, New York, where
he attended public schools. He earned a B.S. in Biology at Tufts
University, a master‘s degree from the Boston University Marine
Program, and a Ph.D. at Harvard University. His research has
been published in scientific journals ranging from Science to
Scientific American, and in several academic books. He has
taught introductory biology, ecology, marine biology,
neuro biology, and coral reef biology at Boston College and in the
Boston University Marine Program. He has also co-taught a field
biology course for high-school teachers entitled “Rainforests and
Reefs” at the Organization for Tropical Studies in Costa Rica.
After receiving a Macy Fellowship in Science Broadcast
Journalism at WGBH-TV, Levine dedicated himself to improving
public understanding of science. His popular scientific writing
has appeared in five trade books and in magazines such as
Smithsonian, GEO, and Natural History. He has produced science
features for National Public Radio and has designed exhibit
programs for state aquarium projects in Texas, New Jersey, and
Florida. Since 1987, Levine has served as scientific advisor at
WGBH, where he worked on NOVA programs including Judgment
Day, and on projects including the OMNI-MAX films Cocos:
Island of Sharks and Coral Reef Adventure. He also served as
science editor for the PBS series The Secret of Life and The
Evolution Project.
Levine and his family live in Concord, Massachusetts, a short
distance from Thoreau‘s Walden Pond.
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The Foundation Edition of Miller & Levine Biology is a new type of program.
It offers the same content as Miller & Levine Biology made more
accessible with:
• Embedded reading support
• Inquiry activities that promote scientific thinking
• Engaging visuals that enhance instruction
• Adapted ancillary support
• Digital instruction for the next-generation, built for 21st Century learners
Reading Foundations
Build Vocabulary
The Foundation Edition provides enhanced reading boxes highlight academic
Build Understanding
support with embedded reading strategies to make and scientific vocabulary
provides suggestions on
content more accessible. from the chapter.
how to use graphic organizers
as a framework for learning.
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Plaanntd R Repersopdouncsteion
Reproduction in Flowering Plants
Fruits and Seeds
Plant Hormones
Plants and Humans
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Visuals Enhance Instruction
Stunning instructional visuals throughout each chapter offer
a unique way to see what science looks like.
Visual analogies offer a way to relate key concepts to things
you may see in your daily life. Visual summaries tie
together the key concepts in a clear and easy-to-follow
graphic. The magazine-style Visual Guide to the Diversity of
Life provides a unique way to explore Earth’s major organisms
with key characteristics, habitats, behaviors, and other
important facts.
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Ferruginous Hawk
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Student Support Ensures Success
Biology is not a “one-size-fits-all” subject. Miller & Levine Biology provides
content in ways that fit your unique learning style. The Foundation program
offers workbooks that are written at an accessible reading level and work
hand-in-hand with the Foundation Student Edition to help provide extra
support to ensure content mastery. The accompanying ELL handbook also
provides support for ELL classrooms.
The Foundation Edition supports all students with 2 levels of resources.
Study Workbook B
The adapted Study Workbook for the
Foundation Edition of Miller & Levine Biology
will help you:
• preview a chapter
• work with the key vocabulary
• practice strategies for learning the content
• review for chapter and unit tests
• learn strategies for taking
Lab Manual B
standardized tests
The adapted Lab Manual provides
connections from the text to help
you conduct lab experiments. You
are encouraged to apply concepts,
analyze data, and draw conclusions
from lab activities. The Extend Your
Inquiry feature encourages you to
consider concepts outside of the
step-by-step laboratory process.
Biology.com—Your Online
Habitat for Learning
Featuring the latest in instructional technology, Biology.com
is an engaging program that brings biology concepts to life.
Visual, interactive, and differentiated components help
reinforce content and provide a broad understanding of
scientific concepts.
Biology.com offers:
For Students:
• Complete Foundation Student Edition with
audio helps you read along online
• Interactive visuals, tutorials, and simulations
help you build connections as concepts
come alive online.
• Scaffolded self-assessment prepares you
For Teachers:
for content mastery and end–of–course testing.
• Lesson planner with leveled activities crafts lessons
to support all levels of students.
• Lesson overview presentations help present the Big
Ideas of each lesson
• Comprehensive, auto-graded assessment
and remediation for different levels of students
• Editable worksheets that allow teachers to cater their
lessons to your classroom’s needs
Lesson 22.4 • Art Review
v
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Consultants/Reviewers
chapter in the Student Edition Institute for Studies in Education
Grant Wiggins,
provides opportunities to link at the University of Toronto. His
Ed.D. is a co-author
back to the Big Ideas. Since research focuses on literacy
of the Understanding
Understanding by Design is by development in multilingual
by Design Handbook.
nature a teaching tool, additional schools and the role of technology
His approach to
applications of this philosophy can in promoting language and
instructional design
be found in the Teacher’s Edition. literacy development.
provides teachers with a

disciplined way of thinking about
The Association for Supervision of
Program materials
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sored this work and is in no way affiliated with
Pearson or its products. ciples using Dr.
Big Ideas are one
Cummins’s Into/Through/Beyond
of the core components of the
Jim Cummins is structure. You will find ample
Understanding by Design approach
Professor and Canada support for ELL instruction in the
in Miller & Levine Biology. Big
Research Chair in the Teacher’s Edition, Teacher’s ELL
Ideas, such as the Cellular Basis
Curriculum, Teaching Handbook, Multilingual Glossary,
of Life, establish a conceptual
and Learning depart- and Spanish components offered
framework for the program. Each
ment at the Ontario with this program.
Content Reviewers Donna H. Duckworth, Ph.D. Charles F. Lytle, Ph.D.
Professor Emeritus Professor of Zoology
Lily Chen College of Medicine North Carolina State University
Associate Professor University of Florida Raleigh, NC
Department of Biology Gainesville, FL
Martha Newsome, DDS
San Francisco State University
San Francisco, CA Alan Gishlick, Ph.D. Adjunct Instructor of Biology
Assistant Professor Cy-Fair College, Fairbanks Center
Elizabeth Coolidge-Stolz, MD Gustavus Adolphus College Houston, TX
Medical/Life Science Writer/Editor St. Peter, MN
Jan A. Pechenik, Ph.D.
North Reading, MA
Deborah L. Gumucio, Ph.D. Professor of Biology
Elizabeth A. De Stasio, Ph.D. Professor Tufts University
Raymond H. Herzog Department of Cell and Medford, MA
Professor of Science Developmental Biology
Imara Y. Perera, Ph.D.
Associate Professor of Biology University of Michigan
Lawrence University Ann Arbor, MI Research Assistant, Professor
Appleton, WI Department of Plant Biology
Janet Lanza, Ph.D. North Carolina State University
Jennifer C. Drew, Ph.D. Professor of Biology Raleigh, NC
Lecturer/Scientist University of Arkansas
Daniel M. Raben, Ph.D.
University of Florida at Little Rock
Kennedy Space Center, FL Little Rock, AR Professor
Department of Biological
Chemistry
Johns Hopkins University
Baltimore, MD
vvii
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Megan Rokop, Ph.D. High-School Reviewers Heather M. Gannon
Educational Outreach Program Elisabeth Ann Johnson High
Director Christine Bill School
Broad Institute of MIT and Sayreville War Memorial High Mt. Morris, MI
Harvard School
Virginia Glasscock
Cambridge, MA Parlin, NJ
Science Teacher
Gerald P. Sanders Jean T. (Caye) Boone California High School
Former Biology Instructor Central Gwinnett High School Whittier, CA
Grossmont College Lawrenceville, GA
Ruth Gleicher
Julian, CA
Samuel J. Clifford, Ph.D. Biology Teacher
Ronald Sass, Ph.D. Biology Teacher Niles West High School
Professor Emeritus Round Rock High School Skokie, IL
Rice University Round Rock, TX
Lance Goodlock
Houston, TX
Jennifer Collins, M.A. Biology Teacher/Science
Linda Silveira, Ph.D. South County Secondary School Department Chairperson
Professor Lorton, VA Sturgis High School
University of Redlands Sturgis, MI
Redlands, CA Roy Connor, M.S.
W. Tony Heiting, Ph.D.
Science Department Head
Richard K. Stucky, Ph.D. Muncie Central High School State Science Supervisor (retired)
Curator of Paleontology and Muncie, IN Iowa Department of Education
Evolution Panora, IA
Denver Museum of Nature and Norm Dahm, Jr.
Patricia Anne Johnson, M.S.
Science Belleville East High School
Denver, CO Belleville, IL Biology Teacher
Ridgewood High School
Robert Thornton, Ph.D. Cora Nadine Dickson Ridgewood, NJ
Senior Lecturer Emeritus Science Department Chair
Judith Decherd Jones, M.A.T.
Department of Plant Biology Jersey Village High School
Cypress Fairbanks ISD NBCT AYA Science
College of Biological Sciences
East Chapel Hill High School
University of California at Davis Houston, TX
Chapel Hill, NC
Davis, CA
Dennis M. Dudley
Edward J. Zalisko, Ph.D. Science Department Chair/ Shellie Jones
Professor of Biology Teacher Science Teacher
Blackburn College Shaler Area High School California High School
Carlinville, IL Pittsburgh, PA Whittier, CA
Mary K. Dulko Michelle Lauria, M.A.T.
ESL Lecturer
Sharon High School Biology Teacher
Sharon, MA Hopkinton High School
Nancy Vincent Montgomery,
Hopkinton, MA
Ed.D.
Erica Everett, M.A.T., M.Ed.
Southern Methodist University Science Department Chair Kimberly Lewis
Dallas, TX Manchester-Essex Regional High Science Department Chair
School Wellston High School
Manchester, MA Wellston, OH
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Consultants
(continued)
Lenora Lewis Jane Parker Linda Roberson
Teacher Lewisville High School North Department Chairman
Creekview High School Lewisville, TX Jenks Freshman Academy
Canton, GA Jenks, OK
Ian Pearce
JoAnn Lindell-Overton, Educator Sharon D. Spencer
M.Ed. Austin, TX Assistant Principal
Supervisor of Secondary Science Bronx Center for Science and
Chesapeake Public Schools Jim Peters Math
Chesapeake, VA Science Resource Teacher Bronx, NY
Carroll County Public Schools
Lender Luce Stephen David Wright, M.S.
Westminster, MD
H.W. Byers High School Biology Teacher
Michelle Phillips, M.A.T. Montgomery County Public
Holly Springs, MS
Secondary Science: Education Schools
Molly J. Markey, Ph.D. Science Teacher Columbia, MD
Science Teacher Jordan High School
Alan W. Zimroth, M.S.
Newton Country Day School of Durham, NC
Science Teacher/Department
the Sacred Heart
Randy E. Phillips Chairperson
Newton, MA
Science Teacher/Department Hialeah-Miami Lakes High School
Rebecca McLelland-Crawley Chair Hialeah, FL
Biological Sciences Teacher Green Bay East High School
Piscataway, NJ Green Bay, WI
Mark L. Mettert, M.S. Ed. Nancy Richey
Science Department Chair Educator
New Haven High School Longmont, CO
New Haven, IN
viii
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The Nature of Life 1–51
1 The Science of Biology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
What role does science play in the study of life?
1.1 What Is Science? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
1.2 Science in Context. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
1.3 Studying Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
Height by Prescription
2 The Chemistry of Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
What are the basic chemical principles that affect living things?
2.1 The Nature of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28
2.2 Properties of Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33
2.3 Carbon Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37
2.4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes 42
The Ghostly Fish
Unit 1 Project 52
Ecology 53–156
3 The Biosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
How do living and nonliving parts of the Earth interact and
affect the survival of organisms?
3.1 What Is Ecology? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56
3.2 Energy, Producers, and Consumers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60
3.3 Energy Flow in Ecosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63
3.4 Cycles of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68
Changes in the Bay
4 Ecosystems and Communities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
How do abiotic and biotic factors shape ecosystems?
4.1 Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82
4.2 Niches and Community Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85
4.3 Succession . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88
4.4 Biomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91
4.5 Aquatic Ecosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96
The Wolf Effect
• Go Digital. See what awaits you at Biology.com. ix
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5 Populations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
What factors contribute to changes in populations?
5 .1 How Populations Grow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108
5 .2 Limits to Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112
5 .3 Human Population Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117
A Plague of Rabbits
6 Humans in the Biosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
How have human activities shaped local and global ecology?
6 .1 A Changing Landscape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128
6 .2 Using Resources Wisely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132
6 .3 Biodiversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .138
6 .4 Meeting Ecological Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143
Easter Island
Unit 2 Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Cells 157–257
7 Cell Structure and Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
How are cell structures adapted to their functions?
7 .1 Life Is Cellular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .160
7 .2 Cell Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .164
7 .3 Cell Transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .176
7 .4 Homeostasis and Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .181
Death by...Water?
8 Photosynthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
How do plants and other organisms capture energy from the sun?
8 .1 Energy and Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .192
8 .2 Photosynthesis: An Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .195
8 .3 The Process of Photosynthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .199
Out of Thin Air?
9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
How do organisms obtain energy?
9 .1 Cellular Respiration: An Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .212
9 .2 The Process of Cellular Respiration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .216
9 .3 Fermentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223
Diving Without a Breath
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