Biology for the IB Diploma

559 Pages·2014·42.885 MB·English

by  C. J. Clegg

B iology
FOR THE IB DIPLOMA
SECOND EDITION
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B iology
FOR THE IB DIPLOMA
SECOND EDITION
C.J. Clegg
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© C.J. Clegg 2014
First edition published in 2007
by Hodder Education
An Hachette UK Company
338 Euston Road
London NW1 3BH
This second edition published 2014
Impression number 5 4 3 2 1
Year 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014
All rights reserved. Apart from any use permitted under UK copyright law, no part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form
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Cover photo © Patryk Kosmider - Fotolia
Illustrations by Barking Dog, Aptara, Inc., and Oxford Designers & Illustrators
Typeset in 10/12 Goudy Oldstyle Std by Aptara, Inc.
Printed in Slovenia
A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library
ISBN: 978 1471 828997
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Contents
Introduction viii
Acknowledgements x
Core
Chapter 1 Cell biology 1
1.1 Introduction to cells 1
1.2 Ultrastructure of cells 17
1.3 Membrane structure 30
1.4 Membrane transport 34
1.5 The origin of cells 46
1.6 Cell division 51
Chapter 2 Molecular biology 63
2.1 Molecules to metabolism 63
2.2 Water 69
2.3 Carbohydrates and lipids 75
2.4 Proteins 89
2.5 Enzymes 93
2.6 Structure of DNA and RNA 105
2.7 DNA replication, transcription and translation 108
2.8 Cell respiration 115
2.9 Photosynthesis 121
Chapter 3 Genetics 131
3.1 Genes 131
3.2 Chromosomes 138
3.3 Meiosis 142
3.4 Inheritance 149
3.5 Genetic modification and biotechnology 164
Chapter 4 Ecology 184
4.1 Species, communities and ecosystems 184
4.2 Energy flow 194
4.3 Carbon cycle 200
4.4 Climate change 204
Chapter 5 Evolution and biodiversity 211
5.1 Evidence for evolution 211
5.2 Natural selection 219
5.3 Classification of biodiversity 223
5.4 Cladistics 239
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vi Contents
Chapter 6 Human physiology 248
6.1 Digestion and absorption 248
6.2 The blood system 254
6.3 Defence against infectious disease 270
6.4 Gas exchange 280
6.5 Neurons and synapses 291
6.6 Hormones, homeostasis and reproduction 299
Additional higher level (AHL)
Chapter 7 Nucleic acids 317
7.1 DNA structure and replication 317
7.2 Transcription and gene expression 325
7.3 Translation 331
Chapter 8 Metabolism, cell respiration and photosynthesis 345
8.1 Metabolism 345
8.2 Cell respiration 351
8.3 Photosynthesis 360
Chapter 9 Plant biology 373
9.1 Transport in the xylem of plants 373
9.2 Transport in the phloem of plants 387
9.3 Growth in plants 394
9.4 Reproduction in plants 402
Chapter 10 Genetics and evolution 413
10.1 Meiosis 413
10.2 Inheritance 419
10.3 Gene pools and speciation 430
Chapter 11 Animal physiology 442
11.1 Antibody production and vaccination 442
11.2 Movement 456
11.3 The kidney and osmoregulation 466
11.4 Sexual reproduction 483
Options
Available on the website accompanying this book: www.hoddereducation.com/IBextras
Chapter 12 Neurobiology and behaviour 1
Option A
12.1 Neural development 1
12.2 The human brain 9
12.3 Perception of stimuli 18
12.4 Innate and learned behaviour (AHL) 25
12.5 Neuropharmacology (AHL) 35
12.6 Ethology (AHL) 43
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Contents vii
Chapter 13 Biotechnology and bioinformatics 1
Option B
13.1 Microbiology: organisms in industry 1
13.2 Biotechnology in agriculture 11
13.3 Environmental protection 19
13.4 Medicine (AHL) 26
13.5 Bioinformatics (AHL) 37
Chapter 14 Ecology and conservation 1
Option C
14.1 Species and communities 1
14.2 Communities and ecosystems 18
14.3 Impacts of humans on ecosystems 33
14.4 Conservation of biodiversity 42
14.5 Population ecology (AHL) 53
14.6 Nitrogen and phosphorus cycles (AHL) 64
Chapter 15 Human physiology 1
Option D
15.1 Human nutrition 1
15.2 Digestion 14
15.3 Functions of the liver 27
15.4 The heart 32
15.5 Hormones and metabolism (AHL) 41
15.6 Transport of respiratory gases (AHL) 48
Appendices and chapter summaries
Available on the website accompanying this book: www.hoddereducation.com/IBextras
Appendix 1: Background chemistry for biologists
Appendix 2: Investigations, data handling and statistics
Appendix 3: Defining ethics and making ethical decisions
Chapter summaries 1–11
Answers to self-assessment questions in
Chapters 1–11 498
Answers to the self-assessment questions in the Options Chapters 12–15 are
available on the website accompanying this book: www.hoddereducation.com/IBextras
Answers to the examination questions at the end of each chapter are also on the website.
Glossary 521
Index 537
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Introduction
Welcome to the second edition of Biology for the IB Diploma, updated and designed to meet the
criteria of the 2014 International Baccalaureate (IB) Diploma Programme Biology Guide. The
structure and content of this second edition follow the structure and content of the IB Biology
Subject Guide.
■■ Using this book
Special features of the chapters of Biology for the IB Diploma include:
■ Each chapter begins with Essential ideas that summarize the concepts on which the chapter
is based.
■ Applications in the Guide are integrated within the main content and are used to illustrate
the various Understandings listed in the Guide.
■ Skills are highlighted with this icon. Students are expected to be able to show these skills
in the examination, so we have explicitly pointed these out when they are mentioned in the
Guide.
■ The Nature of Science (NoS) is a theme that runs throughout the course, and can be
Nature of Science
examined in Biology papers. It explores the scientific process itself, and how science is
represented and understood by the general public. It also examines the way in which science
is the basis for technological developments and how these new technologies, in turn, drive
developments in science.
■ International mindedness explores how the exchange of information and ideas across
national boundaries has been essential to the progress of science, and illustrates the
international aspects of Biology.
■ Self-assessment questions (SAQs) are phrased so as to assist comprehension and recall, but
also to help familiarize students with the assessment implications of the command terms.
Answers to all SAQs are given, either in this book or on the accompanying website.
■ Links to the interdisciplinary Theory of Knowledge (TOK) element of the IB Diploma
course are made at appropriate places in most chapters.
■ Links to relevant material available on the website that accompanies this book
(www.hoddereducation.com/IBextras) are highlighted with this icon.
■ At the end of each chapter, there is a selection of examination questions. Some are questions
taken from past exam papers, others are exam-style questions written for this book. Answers
are available on the accompanying website.
The Options (Chapters 12–15) are available on the website accompanying this book, as
are useful appendices and additional student support for Chapters 1–11, including further
opportunities to practise data response questions: www.hoddereducation.com/IBextras
■■ Author’s acknowledgements
I am indebted to IB teachers who have welcomed me into their departments and have updated
me on the delivery of the IB Diploma programme, both in the UK and in Hong Kong, and to
the international students who have discussed their recent experiences of the course with me.
In the production of this second edition, I have had the benefit of detailed feedback on
the approach and content of each chapter during its creation, by Dr Andrew Davis, Head of
Environmental Science at St Edward’s School. His insights and observations, based in part on
his experiences of delivering the current course, and his interpretation of the new syllabus, have
been invaluable.
Mrs Lynda Brooks, the Librarian of the Linnean Society, London, UK, provided invaluable help
in the issue of the reclassification of the figwort family.
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Introduction ix
The following components of this edition have been authored by:
Dr Andrew Davis, Head of Environmental Science, St Edward’s School, Oxford, UK:
■ Option C (Chapter 14) Ecology and conservation.
■ The data in ‘Practical ecology: Testing for associations between species’ (pages 187–91).
Mrs Lucy Baddeley, Biology Department, St Edward’s School, Oxford, UK:
■ Use of the Gene Bank database to determine differences in base sequence of a gene in two
species (pages 137–38).
Mr Luis F. Ceballos Posada, Head of the Biology Department, Changchun American
International School (CAIS), Changchun, Jilin Province, China:
■ Option B (Chapter 13) Section 13.5 Bioinformatics.
Finally, I am indebted to the International publishing team at Hodder Education, ably led by
So-Shan Au, International Publisher, Asia and IB, whose skill and patience have brought
together the text and illustrations as I have wished, and I am most grateful to them.
Dr Chris Clegg
Salisbury
Wiltshire
UK
June 2014
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