Table Of Content

Complete Sy Co)Koleny for Cambridge IGCSE® Second Edition wt fonexe):90) y Biology is Ue study oF We and sing organisms. Ding the past few |nundred ysorssolnsy has ehargee itv: concentrating on the structure rsa by extn heed specimens te looking mane St how they nck ar function, Qver ie time we “nave dissevered much, oflivingoran ‘shout healt ans disease, abou: the inersetions of dfferen wuss ‘gears wich comtpal de sesviios oF fies ard harm hima eu eae he lives of other otis ances in biological knowledge rise rev issues, swt, We duces so wadersanad ow our activ talking up foe chains, about ies alee: the ensitourent, how Iumansosi cle espe sibling for thar evn heath welfare ‘es ms be earelal o riske-s9propriate rules Inv te use ef our generic iofarmesion In Complete lvls for 1GCSE you will be smdving 2 range of living fects al these life processes tight have on our eal, ava the respensiaites witch ws cganiams, dhe life processes dey carry oat, tae have wossclsorher onganisans. this wil halp you to uulersan, and piape conishute ta, che secierting bislogice® revolution wich will ‘nevsasingy ales the ives of wot Lis book has Seen o- aise ta help eto find informesion quickly aud ces: writen in to-page units or apeead’, ach unit isa topic whl, Torus per‘ of the GCSE Tiology sllabus. a the"soreace are collect into die four major weciony ofthe selabus. Your teacher wall be able telp yo i rats the nis tof ations of your syllabus. ing, tt the Zale tps ight ‘help wea to ge" yet froma chs books Fach peeson bs Lit aes vay of wor Ue heeontents page. this will poukiein‘brmation on lange spies ucla rafleses of wale pollution Use the inelex (is will allow you to use @ singe wun such as ‘nearone or'ewlihiation’ to dieu you to pages Waere yout can Find ‘es mare abut ther werd. w Use the questions —thisisjicbes: way of ehedbing whether you Inve esr ‘and tnderstood Une materis' on each spre. Ousstioas are tole fonnsdon most sprees wd wichin or Eth eal leach sation, Holey questions ace ideutilicd by the icon @ . There are more coestions, and wevisien ‘ip The TOCSE Biology Revision Guide Thape chacyon cay using this bock, and Ul helps soto urderstnl the world of biology You, lke every ker sine orgenises re a pac Lbiswnrld~ pechepsone dayryon wal id yourself oorking to elo thes ta uenetstand moze about it ow Pokering mats a 12 u3 a us Le uy 2a0 2aa 22 243 244 2as 246 2a7 216 218 Characteristics and classification oftiving organisms Biology 's-hestusy oe 2nd rs cexgarisms The varies ote Bacteria ardviruses Fungi Plants Invertebrate erate Vertebrate arma. ve sa: ‘Questions o> sarescerisiezand classfcstion ‘Organisation and maintenance of organisms Omsnisrs ee mae up of els The omarion uf Sng ongan Quest ons un cells od eran Movement nar aut fea. Emyniescantel bieche mien “actions in bes exganisns urna use engynes fom rrierearyanisms Cray aeperients ane be scenic rethes living thingsare made up of erganic rolecutes Testing or biochemicals Foc sneithe ideal diet coho erates, pls ne proteins Fou anche al dit: vic rinerals,watarand bre Fose fr micrearganisms: Ang. bacteria ac fermensction Usirg tungl to precuce atisiots: rugs to contelhactrialcsease Baki-gardbrewirg:theezasmic fimoortance of at Feoc the that d-ves the processes af ite Balancirgens/gy take and e-eray ‘demand orebieme causing mainte ination and famine (Questions en enzymes ard ticigical raletules Patasyr-esis and plantain The tate of hotosycthesss ‘The leaf end photosyntes's a @ 2.20 221 222 223 224 2.28 2.26 2a7 228 22a 2a0 aaa 292 2a 234 238 238 237 238 239 240 242 242 2.43 244 245 2.46 247 2.48 Tre coniol or ahetasynt ats Phetosyrthesis and the ervimement Pintsane miners ‘Guestions on ahetoeythesi ane art nuttin Animal nutition converts fend lacus o ausat.e fom Ingastan sree fare fer the gutte werk on Digestion prepares seh. ood mneleeales far asa _Anscoption and ass lain ke ‘ecdava abe a (Questions an anima rution an heath 8 Uptese of water and mirerle by reote Transport aystemet pants “Transpirar-wster maven seu theolans The esf anc water nse Transport systems in unimatsuse blo Le lransyurt medio Combating fection Eloasand Sefenos sgatnatdetase Aatthodies ans ta rrmure resperse The center yste% Captareesmaerals ane exerangec detween bees and saves, ene tissue Aid sfc: The esr is be pup forthe relator ssa ‘ContoLef bleed ressure ard he onaf f ewrese Coronnty nce seas uretone an craton Respiration provides the energy frie Camano uses equres enemy Supplied by respiration The mevsnarent ef respi Sus excharee supatias ger ressirton Breathing vertiltes the lunge ‘uration en sae escharge ‘Sovaing ane disse Excration remavalof stewart products of metabotsm Dialyssand:Fetestment at ener fore Hernstesterintan ng sendy stele Cate tbody tempera [Questonsneicrstion sd hemacatass 28 0 108 10 mm We 136 138 1 crontiretion: tre nerwous 3 esrones cn eurk together svefiew eres Fuscles con work a farcrs ois inthe eaten low meverner The brat ete aocosiar fr the tra nerves 3ys.e nteqrater bythe central n=rcus ‘stem Recenors and suns: the eve as a sense sigan (Qvesmine nv recoptors and ser ses The endoerne system {Guestans ee hormone Bogs and disoreats the revous som Sensitty and raverent pants Development of eraanisms and the continuity ofife Reoreductur isan impertart craracterite of ving argantsrs Reaction oer ng Pants: Hows Pldnation: he wanster of male so cells te female owe’ parts Festissaion ane tne formato of seed and ui Dispersal uf seed ad Fut \egatative rovana’on tera propa Questar onal eprecuctin inhuman Cortseestion Prngrancy:tnerale fre place Pingnancy:cveluprrent and antenatal care Srtiandte nenbor hab Senualyranemitad de Sint nand developer ‘Questions en Furman eprodvetion ard giants Yvaraion and inbertace Colt teen ihertanee Slaying patter of inheritence Freed mest. eurelitons ane ‘salaminance Sox te detarenad ay Kn Questions 09 inheritance 4 16 186 182 188 188 200 2 208 20r 218 2a au rea 28 324 325 3.26 3.27 3.28 3.29 3.30 eration Cuma cf variation \artaner ane natural seler'on Ihe nelutor of species Natwalselecton ‘tific salaction Genes engircering Gore trarser ir pants" (Questions en ver lian ‘Organisms and their environment gy end ceneysteme Fw cl encrcy fore charms and fed ets Faadinaelelor shi: pyran nnpers, biome and energy ecay fata. cetcPss. Tre carson cr! Te nivager eye ris ecyiettant (Quessios on ornaystems, decay ard ayees Factersalacting population size Human posilation grat Sumas ara aqrialtre ad use tera” culture Puen af water: eutophcation men impoets en te end-onment: pluie Humansinuy havea paste fect on ine environment: conservator ol spec's atin forts one naar uf expres recycting water ny etraviren of ea Savirg tessitfusssfuet Fam (errentarer Managerent of ol wrate (Guestions on maa is pactson racial assessment Laboratory equtpment Ince za 20 2 Be 28 ey 2a aaa COARACIFUAT CS ANE CI Vids. 1.1 ) Biology is the study of Life and living organisms 1 Toundesars tat lung thins cer fem ranting thas fw Tebeaben 1 Te destard ral ergy mabe xp rantan fe Juedisiatttoet sng dings The dawn of life Seieatiss lieve that the Larch was formed from an enormous cloud of gases abrat 5 ikon syeacs ugo.Almospheric conccions were haxs efor semple) the ‘inonstent ws vey amsable, and eoacions ibe wis eaolecelar ony sme atsitable oy leas we kno 8, Many seientsts beet that he first an stplest living organisms appeal ev Fats aout 28 billion pears azo, These rganisis probably fed an malgeaies ina soe "ep (alle the primordial soup! hich made up seme al Tae sianllow seas om the Barta a that time, aaeation that hes always inkiqued scents, plelesuphers and rligiou ‘Wha: dstingvishos thes fis Hiring erganisms Jom the molecules i he primmo-diel soup? In other were, what i fe? Characteristics of living organisms You hua ths no Howwewes ii ol sis 96 obvious wheter a horses lve, outa stel irda someting is alls nut 9a ese ot seed lr 8 vinis potioe livin estbieiving? Yo Ey 2 ines ike this lis of charactorietos that Ising orgouisuns show answer ass Livisw ongarisins: fm Respiee ty Coens ta dase ensirenmet) snl movement Noutsl thensehes Grow and devslop Exereie Reproduce ‘The oppesic page gives more detsil a the caarscteistes of ie Yau may see other similar ists af ess charnctestcs sing slightly diteren words You cun remmber this patie. il sing word RINGER. I gives Ringe namie. This ise solution i olution of is aa melscales that physiologists we 10 heen living tissues it ps che cals avs As well the characterises i tinge Ut siviug things bave a complex organtsation hs snot loved in the nen-ieing ward. A sora fora ergs of quartz is an organise. collection 0 denial epulovules, bu ever the si lest ving oT cemtus renny differen esmples substances arranged in very spot struc Living shings also show variation =the ofp are often ditfarect ror: ene ancther and fry Licic pervnis. This is imgerieat in adep-rion a ‘he envieonet sa ia the process oF etiam How the characteristics of life depend on each other Fach of fe ciaewctevisiss of ie linkee vo the omits cas. aly gow atthes axe nousished, Aa Tor excenple sy take rourslane eavisoament, they may alla rnc swoste enlerals whiel they sms: ther asevw'e, Bo expen 0 Uke enviconment shay mst arg "he cll anal tssues to cen oe actions Fecause of the ranloan natcre oF rapreduc"ion, "Dey are Tike ty showy variation from generation Depending on energy “The organisation in isn Una thoi ab vo 2019 ou hc ile process depend an a sunny ol enerus any biologist cet lions 3 ec ees: seat oon te covganisatio al nes al which depend on te 4 this Eockewe shal se shove enesay is berate roan foed molec les fowl uapped ia usable fmm ito the f= how molecules are urge fling aeganismns ove Using wy to drive these LAS TI2S ART CLASSIC eTooN 9: Srisinbinagtn nese Manin exon \ Epelpta lethos in lait orca Spite sue the Seicybeovege to ott amen doo hen surge ‘oun en aod UiSSapeese nce isn bar sheer te Somer a rte Ree oce cores, / oY es Munsee cametide! sua meaa mM 1. Apri ry yes pts bear the fran ene ecchansese nee {ath al oe pearance alt tng rants? Grareavarr sah Operscer sh etetes co yeu mes fame se nigh rave bse eset the [5 RINGER . wwil-tarhe ps eople emer oer te carson of iy orgasm Tce your om ward nlp. resi hase ht 4 Sugg a0 we5ir peopl. eesti lng canons longunioms into earazevies, The oT plaving ongasistas imo ssragories wat lhe busls uf ier obsorvable charscrenies ‘allel clussifieuting. There are 50 macy ditlerene Iypes of living orgeniers fh. au enrmoas 1 Toagcte = loursestn 1 Toh alee “are te eH ter asragust rg ciecce is fm Tourdestae le hea; elesierton fm Tokena any 2broril ster of renee e vey est ten 5 was euao tay ard sexs ‘riety aflife! thatthe ste of ese orgasms ‘would be impossible witha a! an onvered ex of Seserbing thor Classification keys Texonomisls (pouale who smady claselficatin) plate oygauisms io groups by aire ques ions alvast Te curseverat The need to classify living things \oriaviom and nstare selce-ien lead 19 evoivtion Posting, 22 the ieolatios of yopalaious, leads lw the development of rew sei Each species hes differant charncirelaties, aca one af these charasteristos cra be hte y "successive generations of th «apache, Oeecving ‘neve inherited characraristice allows scistsis atch as Das the frganism photossauhesise? oF Toes th semtain mary eels?” A seates oF questo is called a classification key. Fxsmples 0: sue sexs ate showin below Ps see muse ye hd at a, ae ta The fc alos 5 ete seaman ctl ld battery amen ans cd, 3 fecbecerners ne tetas? lg ete ze igs cio A Atesin gs ed 9at0 29 a incre ofthe fee rows Five Kingdoms cegssr nto an ave ony tgp gro. hes oaps dsnmuised ion one ardor by zm Shvenus charscoretics, called the fve Kingdoms ac of hese Kingceens coms a enormous ‘rumzero iron specie, al key sa ous ‘within a kiwis place sy lise species imo ater groups The diagram seow showsthe nares ofthese eros. ad ow the bon asi wii the Aizna Kingson, The sens Kingdon, phylum lass, oe, Early oss and species is caloda hierarchy of elassificatin, Notice tat ete eagsiiction gronp i give a rare Lions belong to the slags Maracsi the onder Camivnrg, for exancpls. Tho Sal #0 ary ten i Sates ~ this is 2 group nn ‘porldwice comvontion umwngs? seiozcsts. The || serra fewseeness fay et ote: gere Sees "vee oppo, ts possible to plaesany Tin, eetot ieee which 15 Aboot 1 + Li sealed simba in Sos lm in Spas Ts ker a Parser feo 0 sckentists in eve oh snl lu fa Rosman bo 5 countries Ths ‘convation af giving organ’ sms a 0-Part nnéane made up of isin ens and species wes intraluced by che Swedich bislagist Carols Lingiets, He gave every ooganisrs kana 0 ‘of the orgsuisn. This bineseial ‘ate bse entirely on the ov sin systers of nomenclature is sil 3a use raday “wo name’, (Ginosuial Nene speci bea on slay may bs Sassi ‘Shavactoristice sue as chrornosorae nuaber oF one {DNA or RNAI seqpaence wie Lima Hew noting abcut "at tohiow describe he ckaraceristies Tae pigs that dst nguish living avanniaros n sams of the onostmportane pha ant cases Acc acne Asano ere AL Souter haem ragstat soe line ist edtntteors 2 Se ne teste okra te suc a ena-ypcalae 1 Taken te cu erent: sacer 9 gh ast bata p sats fm Tourdestae song she rE beard ysinech aren ODD ences tes suran sees f= urd hy nses de Lingsanc of arg sigarisns ira ef Bacterial structure acterta (sing art ancterion) eve siegeelled forganiarns that have wn true nucleus, He calls da orca vil "organelles Hhe ease wed | in tpical rival and plant els ge 2 bout ane able 2 cary pi al rae he presses swthous tem. tee cn pk sycihesice, Bal olf oeronganns, Thy sa be saprotioph, loving of lea vryauisins {avtera are very staal usually’ bout, 1-2 ja in Jength and so are ol iste ung a hick powered eseroscope. The structure ef a pica bustin ie shew i che diagram lo Ractosa exist in a ninnber ef dileret bape, same of which aie swe below. Shape can be tied classy ache ood zo Flogels roybs—tinek stan) Paid sal taste emer Sara gO * : Saini icneser FY oS ie Requirements of bacteria Bacteria have corraia vequtemeats it heir envirnneaent wis review Understanding of these requl-ements bees ienporcan in hiorechnalgy au ia the control of disease. Tha environme supplive multiply rie boy binmay fisstom isee nage (72) Tn ths process eh: shswe noeds, the bacteria can ru cvs nto twe, then cach of chs to divides sain wn so on ant very large papulatins.are bls uty A autora slong san quick'y ow vite is envieonenet, raking great dene ns ny eu as sayeen and perhaps praducing large quis af waste