Biology for a Changing World PDF
Preview Biology for a Changing World
Publisher Kate Ahr Parker Senior Acquisitions Editor Marc Mazzoni Developmental Editors Andrea Gawrylewski and Susan Weisberg Associate Director of Marketing Debbie Clare Managing Editor for First Edition Elaine Palucki, PhD Senior Media Editor Patrick Shriner Supplements Editor Amanda Dunning Assistant Editor Anna Bristow Project Editors Leigh Renhard and Dana Kasowitz Art Director Diana Blume Text Designers Matthew Ball and Diana Blume Senior Illustration Coordinator Bill Page Artwork Precision Graphics Photo Editors Christine Buese and Ted Szczepanski Photo Researcher Elyse Rieder Production Manager Ellen Cash Composition MPS Limited, a Macmillan Company Printing and Binding Quad Graphics—Versailles Library of Congress Control Number: 2010941508 ISBN-13: 978-0-7167-7324-5 ISBN-10: 0-7167-7324-4 © 2012 by W. H. Freeman and Company. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America First printing W. H. Freeman and Company 41 Madison Avenue New York, NY 10010 Houndmills, Basingstoke RG21 6XS, England www.whfreeman.com BIOLOGY FOR A CHANGING WORLD Michèle Shuster New Mexico State University Janet Vigna Grand Valley State University Gunjan Sinha Matthew Tontonoz W. H. Freeman and Company • New York To our teachers and students: You are our inspiration About the Authors Michèle Shuster, Ph.D., is an assistant professor in the biology department at New Mexico State University in Las Cruces, New Mexico. She focuses on the scholar- ship of teaching and learning, studying introductory biology, microbiology, and cancer biology classes at the undergraduate level, as well as working on several K–12 science education programs. Michèle is an active participant in programs that pro- vide mentoring in scientific teaching to postdoctoral fellows, preparing the next generation of undergraduate educators. She is the recipient of numerous teaching awards, including a Donald C. Roush Excellence in Teaching Award at NMSU. Mi- chèle received her Ph.D. from the Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences at Tufts University School of Medicine, where she studied meiotic chromosome segregation in yeast. Janet Vigna, Ph.D., is an associate professor in the biology department at Grand Valley State University in Allendale, Michigan. As a member of the Integrated Science Program, she teaches courses in genetics and science education for pre- service teachers, and is active in a variety of K–12 science education programs. She has been teaching university-level biology for 14 years, with a special focus on ef- fectively teaching biology to nonmajors. Her current research focuses on the envi- ronmental effects of the biological pesticide Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis on natural frog communities. She received her Ph.D. in microbiology from the Univer- sity of Iowa. Gunjan Sinha is a freelance science journalist who writes regularly for Scientific American, Science, and Nature Medicine. Her article on the biochemistry of love, “You Dirty Vole,” was published in The Best American Science Writing 2003. She holds a graduate degree in molecular genetics from the University of Glasgow, Scotland, and currently lives in Berlin, Germany. Matthew Tontonoz has been a developmental editor for textbooks in intro- ductory biology, cell biology, evolution, and environmental science. He received his B.A. in biology from Wesleyan University, where he did research on the neuro- biology of birdsong, and his M.A. in the history and sociology of science from the University of Pennsylvania, where he studied the history of the behavioral and life sciences. His writing has appeared in Science as Culture. He lives in Brooklyn, New York. This page intentionally left blank About the Publishers ALL OF US INVOLVED in science education understand the importance of scientific lit- eracy. How do we get the attention of a nonscientist? And if we can get it, how do we keep it—not only for the duration of the course, or the chapter in a textbook, but beyond? How do we convey in our courses and our textbooks not just what we know but also how science is done? These are the challenges we hope to address with our new series of text- books specifically for the nonscientist. With this series, W. H. Freeman and Scientific American join forces not just to engage nonscientists but also to equip them with critical life tools. DISTINGUISHED by a discerning editorial vision and a long-standing commitment to superior quality, W. H. Freeman works closely with top researchers and educators to develop superior teach- ing and learning materials in the sciences. We know that a dedicated instructor and the right textbook have the power to change the world—one student at a time. COMMITTED to bringing first-hand developments in modern science to its audience, Scientific American has long been the world’s leading source for science and technology information, featuring more articles by Nobel laureates than any other consumer magazine. The oldest continuously published magazine in the United States, Scientific American has been independently ranked among the top 10 U.S. consumer media outlets as “Most Credible” and “Most Objective.”* *Erdos & Morgan 2008–2009 Opinion Leader Survey v From the Authors The development of this book has taken us all on an extremely long and winding road, on which we have met fascinating people and had incredible experiences. The authors would like to thank Elizabeth Widdicombe, Kate Parker, and the folks at W. H. Freeman and Company and Scientific American for supporting this vision for biology education. They recognized our diverse strengths and brought us together to make this vision a reality. We have learned so much from one another on this challenging and rewarding professional journey, and none of us has likely worked so hard and so passionately on a project as we all have on this one. We would like to thank all of the people who were interviewed and generously contributed in- formation for these chapters. Their stories are central to the impact that this book will have on the students we teach. They are authentic examples of biology in a changing world, and they bring this book to life. A special thank you is required for our Senior Acquisitions Editor, Marc Mazzoni, for his unwav- ering encouragement and ability to bring stable direction and support to the project. Developmen- tal Editors Andrea Gawrylewski and Susan Weisberg and Assistant Editor Anna Bristow have spent many hours in the pages of this book, editing the details, managing our chaos, and smoothing our rough edges. We thank them for their dedication, patience, experience, and expertise. Thanks go to Patrick Shriner and Amanda Dunning for their tireless work on our media and supplements program. And we must thank Elaine Palucki, who has been with us from the very beginning, bring- ing enthusiasm and a fresh voice to our discussions. Elaine has recruited an outstanding pool of reviewers for this project, to whom we owe a debt of gratitude. Many thanks to the production team, Leigh Renhard, Dana Kasowitz, Philip McCaffrey, Nancy Brooks, Matthew Ball, Diana Blume, Bill Page, Christine Buese, Ted Szczepanski, Elyse Rieder, Ellen Cash, and all the people behind the scenes at W. H. Freeman for translating our ideas into a beauti- ful, cohesive product. We would like to thank Rachel Rogge and Jan Troutt at Precision Graphics for their outstanding work on the Infographics. We appreciate their patience with the many edits and quick timelines throughout the project. They do amazing work. We’d like to thank Debbie Clare for her enthusiasm and hard work in promoting this book in the biology education community. We thank the enthusiastic group of salespeople who connect with biology educators across the country and do a wonderful job representing this book. The authors would like to thank our families and friends who have been close to us during this process. They have been our consultants, served as sounding boards about challenges, celebrated our successes, shared our passions, and supported the extended time and energy we often diverted away from them to this project. We are grateful for their patience and unending support. And finally, a sincere thank you to our many teachers, mentors, and students over the years who have shaped our views of biology and the world, and how best to teach about one in the context of the other. You are our inspiration. vi Brief Contents UNIT 1: What Is Life Made of? Chemistry, Cells, 12. Complex Inheritance 229 Energy Q&A: Genetics 1. Process of Science 1 13. Stem Cells and Cell Differentiation 253 Java Report Grow Your Own 2. Chemistry and Molecules of Life 19 UNIT 3: How Does Life Change over Time? What Is Life? Evolution and Diversity 3. Cell Function and Structure 39 14. Natural Selection and Adaptation 271 Wonder Drug Bugs That Resist Drugs 4. Nutrition, Metabolism, Enzymes 59 Milestones in Biology Adventures in Powerfoods Evolution 289 Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace on the trail 5. Energy Flow and Photosynthesis 81 of natural selection Mighty Microbes 15. Nonadaptive Evolution and Speciation 299 6. Dietary Energy and Cellular Respiration 101 Evolution in the Fast Lane Supersize Me? 16. Evidence for Evolution 321 UNIT 2: How Does Life Perpetuate? Cell Division A Fish with Fingers? and Inheritance 17. Life on Earth 339 7. DNA Structure and Replication 121 Q&A: Evolution Biologically Unique 18. Prokaryotic Diversity 359 Lost City Milestones in Biology The Model Makers 137 Watson, Crick, and the structure of DNA 19. Eukaryotic Diversity 377 8. Genes to Proteins 143 Rain Forest Riches Medicine from Milk 20. Human Evolution 395 What Is Race? Milestones in Biology Sequence Sprint 161 Collins and Venter race to decode the human UNIT 4: What Makes Up Our Environment? genome Ecology 9. Cell Division and Mitosis 169 21. Population Ecology 413 Paramedic Plants On the Tracks of Wolves and Moose 10. Genetic Mutations and Cancer 187 22. Community Ecology 431 Fighting Fate What’s Happening to Honey Bees? 11. Single-Gene Inheritance and Meiosis 203 23. Ecosystem Ecology 449 Rock for a Cause The Heat Is On Milestones in Biology Mendel’s Garden 221 24. Sustainability 471 An Austrian priest lays the foundation for modern Eco-Metropolis genetics vii BRIEF CONTENTS Contents 2.6 W ater Is “Sticky” Because It Forms Hydrogen Bonds 33 2.7 Solutions Have a Characteristic pH 34 1. Process of Science 1 Java Report Making sense of the latest buzz in health-related news 2 3. Cell Function and Structure 39 1.1 Conflicting Conclusions 5 1.2 S cience Is a Process: Narrowing Down the Wonder Drug How a chance discovery in a London Possibilities 6 laboratory revolutionized medicine 40 1.3 Anatomy of an Experiment 8 3.1 How Penicillin Was Discovered 42 1.4 Sample Size Matters 9 3.2 Cell Theory: All Living Things Are Made of Cells 43 1.5 Everyday Theory vs. Scientific Theory 10 3.3 Membranes: All Cells Have Them 44 1.6 Caffeine Side Effects 11 3.4 P rokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Have Different 1.7 Correlation Does Not Equal Causation 14 Structures 45 1.8 From the Lab to the Media: Lost in Translation 15 3.5 Some Antibiotics Target Bacterial Cell Walls 46 3.6 S ome Antibiotics Inhibit Prokaryotic Ribosomes 48 3.7 Molecules Move Across the Cell Membrane 50 3.8 Eukaryotic Cells Have Organelles 51 UP CLOSE Eukaryotic Organelles 52–53 2. Chemistry and Molecules of Life 19 What Is Life? Evidence from space heats up an age-old debate 20 2.1 S ome Functional Characteristics of Living 4. Nutrition, Metabolism, Enzymes 59 Organisms 23 Powerfoods Foods fit to fight chronic disease 60 2.2 All Matter on Earth Is Made of Elements 24 2.3 C arbon Is a Versatile Component of Life’s 4.1 Food Is a Source of Macronutrients 63 Molecules 25 4.2 Macronutrients Build and Maintain Cells 64 UP CLOSE Molecules of Life: Carbohydrates, Proteins, 4.3 Enzymes Facilitate Chemical Reactions 67 Lipids, Nucleic Acids 28–29 4.4 C omplex Carbohydrates Break Down into Simple 2.4 The Cell Membrane Defines Cell Boundaries 30 Sugars 68 2.5 Water Is a Good Solvent Because It Is Polar 32 4.5 Fiber Helps Regulate Blood Sugar 70 viii CONTENTS
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