Biology at a Glance

142 Pages·2013·60.094 MB·\142

by  Judy Dodds (Author)

Dodds 4e 2013 final v8_Dodds 3e layout v1 26/06/2013 7:51 PM Page i
B I O L O G Y
a t a G l a n c e
Fourth edition
Judy Dodds
Illustrations by
Annette Whalley
and
Cactus Design
Cover illustrations show a transverse section of the buttercup root, and a pollen grain under a scanning electron microscope. Courtesy of Bryan G.
Bowes and James D. Mauseth, from Plant Structure, A Colour Guide, 978-1-84076-092-7, Manson Publishing.
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2014 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Version Date: 20130618
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-84076-657-8 (eBook - PDF)
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. While all reasonable efforts have been made to publish reli-
able data and information, neither the author[s] nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that
may be made. The publishers wish to make clear that any views or opinions expressed in this book by individual editors, authors or contributors are
personal to them and do not necessarily reflect the views/opinions of the publishers. The information or guidance contained in this book is intended
for use by medical, scientific or health-care professionals and is provided strictly as a supplement to the medical or other professional’s own judge-
ment, their knowledge of the patient’s medical history, relevant manufacturer’s instructions and the appropriate best practice guidelines. Because of
the rapid advances in medical science, any information or advice on dosages, procedures or diagnoses should be independently verified. The reader
is strongly urged to consult the drug companies’ printed instructions, and their websites, before administering any of the drugs recommended in
this book. This book does not indicate whether a particular treatment is appropriate or suitable for a particular individual. Ultimately it is the sole
responsibility of the medical professional to make his or her own professional judgements, so as to advise and treat patients appropriately. The
authors and publishers have also attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright
holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us
know so we may rectify in any future reprint.
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any elec-
tronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information
storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers.
For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or con-
tact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that
provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system
of payment has been arranged.
Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation
without intent to infringe.
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
and the CRC Press Web site at
http://www.crcpress.com
Dodds 4e 2013 final v8_Dodds 3e layout v1 26/06/2013 7:51 PM Page iii
CONTENTS
FROM THE AUTHOR v Mitosis and meiosis 37
Growth 38
BIOLOGY IN THE NEWS 1 Asexual reproduction in plants (natural) 39
Asexual reproduction in plants (artificial) 40
CELLS Cloning by tissue culture 41
Cells 2 Plant hormones – auxins 42
Variety of cells 3 Evolution 43
Levels of organisation 4 Evidence for evolution 44
How substances enter a cell 5 Species 45
Osmosis 6 Fossils 46
Osmosis in action 7 Classification of living things 47
Osmosis and plant cells 8
The importance of volume and surface area 9 ECOLOGY
Surface area to volume ratio 10 Food chains and food webs 48
Woodland habitat 49
BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES Pond habitat 50
Proteins 11 Animal adaptations 51
Carbohydrates 12 Estimating population size 52
Lipids 13 Populations 53
Food tests 14 Pyramids of numbers 54
Enzymes 15 Pyramids of biomass 55
Commercial uses of enzymes 16 Pyramids of energy 56
Energy losses and food production 57
VARIATION AND INHERITANCE Water cycle 58
Variation 17 Carbon cycle 59
Causes of genetic variation 18 Nitrogen cycle 60
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) 19
Cells and chromosomes 20 HUMAN EFFECTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT
Dominant and recessive features 21 Importance of tropical rain forests 61
Genetic crosses (I) 22 The greenhouse effect 62
Genetic crosses (II) 23 Air pollution 63
Cystic fibrosis and Huntington’s disease 24 Pollution in a river 64
Sickle cell anaemia 25 Eutrophication 65
Sex chromosomes 26 Fish farming 66
Sex-linked characteristics 27 Farmed salmon 67
Haemophilia 28 Pesticides 68
Codominance 29
MICROBES
APPLICATIONS OF GENETICS Useful and harmful microbes 69
Genetic engineering 30 Decomposers 70
Genetic fingerprinting 31 Treatment of sewage 71
Industrial fermenter 32 Food preservation 72
Selective breeding 34 How diseases spread 73
Defences of the body to pathogens 74
CELL DIVISION AND EVOLUTION Antibodies and immunity 75
Cell division 35
Cell division and the human life cycle 36 THE HUMAN BODY 76
Dodds 4e 2013 final v8_Dodds 3e layout v1 26/06/2013 7:51 PM Page iv
NUTRITION AND CIRCULATION REPRODUCTION
Human teeth 77 Human reproductive systems 108
Tooth decay 78 The menstrual cycle 109
The human digestive system (I) 79 Hormonal control of the menstrual cycle
The human digestive system (II) 80 110
Duodenum 81 The placenta 111
Absorption 82
Structure of blood 83 COORDINATION
Blood cells 84 The nervous system 112
Movement of blood around the body 85 The spinal cord 113
Heart (I) 86 The eye 114
Heart (II) 87 Vision – how we see 115
Blood vessels 88 Skeleton and movement 116
Capillaries 89
PLANTS
GAS EXCHANGE AND RESPIRATION Leaves and photosynthesis 117
The human thorax 90 Transport in plants 118
Gas exchange in the alveoli 91 Uses of sugar made in photosynthesis 119
Breathing (I) 92 Limiting factors in photosynthesis 120
Breathing (II) 93 Minerals and plants 121
Respiration 94 Water movement through a plant 122
Drugs 95 Transpiration 123
Opening and closing of stomata 124
HOMEOSTASIS Leaves 125
The endocrine system 96 Life cycle of a Plum Tree 126
Adrenal glands 97 Flowers and reproduction 127
Control of blood sugar level 98 Methods of pollination 128
Homeostasis and the liver 99 Germination 129
The skin 100
Temperature regulation 101 WORDS TO REMEMBER 130
Homeostasis 102
Excretion in humans 103 INDEX 135
The kidneys 104
A nephron 105
Control of water in the blood 106
Hormonal control of water level 107
Dodds 4e 2013 final v8_Dodds 3e layout v1 26/06/2013 7:51 PM Page v
FROM THE AUTHOR
This book offers a clear and concise approach to the
teaching and learning of GCSE Biology. It covers the
main biological content required by all the examining
boards for both the Double Award Science and separate
Biology Award, including IGCSE.
Emphasis is placed on biological principles and the
application of knowledge in areas such as genetic
engineering, genetic fingerprinting, fish farming and
commercial uses of enzymes.
As a biology teacher for many years, I have come to
realise that students learn most effectively when
presented with a diagrammatic form of information.
Writing notes is both tedious and non productive at all
levels of ability and does not enhance understanding –
a picture stays in the mind while text does not. This
book aims to inform and explain by using clearly
annotated diagrams, together with relevant text.
Judy Dodds
v
This page intentionally left blank
Dodds 4e 2013 final v8_Dodds 3e layout v1 26/06/2013 7:51 PM Page 1
BIOLOGY IN THE NEWS
A skeleton found under a Leicester car
park in 2012 has been confirmed as the
remains of Richard III who died in 1485.
Genetic fingerprinting matched the DNA
in the skeleton to living descendants of
the king. Analysis showed his skeleton
had suffered 10 injuries, including 8 to
the skull and his spine was badly curved.
He was the last English King to die in
battle.
A north Queensland farmer
has been ordered to stop
electrocuting thousands of
giant bats that were feasting
Questions:
1. Use the internet to write one page about one of the topics in the
news. List your sources at the end.
(A useful web site is www.bbc.co.uk/genes)
2. Collect articles relating to biology over the last few weeks. Stick
them on a page in a similar way. Why did you choose these articles?
3. Why are people concerned about cloning?
1
Dodds 4e 2013 final v8_Dodds 3e layout v1 26/06/2013 7:51 PM Page 2
CELLS
CELLS A cell is the basic unit of life. All living organisms are made of cells.
Animal and plant cells share many features but there are differences.
Animal cell (Shared features) Plant cell
Cell membrane Chloroplast
This holds the cell together. This contains
It controls what enters chlorophyll
and leaves a cell. which absorbs
light energy for
photosynthesis.
Nucleus
This controls all
Cellulose cell wall
cell activity. It
This gives structural
contains chromosomes
support to the cell.
which control inherited features,
i.e. it carries genetic information.
Cytoplasm Large vacuole
Here all cell activity This contains water and
takes place, e.g. respiration. dissolved substances
together called cell sap.
This gives the cell support,
making it firm or turgid.
In addition, cells have little organelles called mitochondria which are the site of aerobic respiration, and
ribosomes, where proteins are made in the process called protein synthesis.
Animal cells Plant cells
Features in Have a nucleus. Have a nucleus.
common Have a cell membrane. Have a cell membrane.
Have cytoplasm. Have cytoplasm.
Differences Do not have a cell wall. Have a cell wall made of cellulose.
Do not have chloroplasts. Have chloroplasts.
Do not have a large vacuole. Have a large vacuole filled with cell sap.
The size of a cell is limited by the distance over which diffusion is efficient.
Questions:
1. State two differences between animal and plant cells.
2. What is the function of the cell membrane?
3. Which three features do animal and plant cells share?
4. When plant and animal cells are placed in water, most animal cells will burst, whereas plant cells will not.
Explain this difference.
5. Where does photosynthesis take place in a plant cell?
2
Dodds 4e 2013 final v8_Dodds 3e layout v1 03/07/2013 7:34 PM Page 3
VARIETY OF CELLS
Animal cells
1. Red blood cell 2. Cheek cell
This has no nucleus. A simple unspecialised
It contains haemoglobin animal cell.
A B
which combines with oxygen.
Red blood cells carry oxygen
round the body.
5. Intestine cell
Side view Food
Folds
A B
4. Egg (ovum) (microvilli)
These increase
the surface area
3. Sperm cell Tail Food can be for absorption
stored in this
of food. The
large cell.
The tail helps cells are found
the sperm swim in the small
towards the egg. intestine.
6. Tracheal cell
This ciliated cell
7. Neurone (nerve cell) These long cells quickly carry
is found in the
messages round the body.
trachea where Messages from
the cilia hairs other neurones
sweep up mucus
and any bacteria
and dust that enter,
helping to keep the Direction of impulse
Cilia hairs lungs clean. Muscle
Plant cells
1. Palisade cell (in leaf) 2. Root hair cell
Chloroplasts
These contain This root hair cell has a large surface area for
Cytoplasm
chlorophyll. anchorage and absorption of water and minerals.
Cellulose cell wall Here sugar Lots of water can enter quickly through the large
Cell membrane is made by surface area. There are no chloroplasts in root cells
photosynthesis as there is no light in the soil.
Large vacuole
during the day.
(cell sap)
Large vacuole Cellulose cell wall
with cell sap
Nucleus
Root hair
Cytoplasm
Water
Cell membrane
enters
Nucleus
Simple organism, e.g. Amoeba
Questions:
1. Why do sperm cells have a tail?
Nucleus 2. Root hair cells in plants have a large surface
area. How does this help?
Cytoplasm
3. Cells in the trachea (windpipe) have cilia hairs.
Cell membrane What is their job?
4. Can you suggest why red blood cells are pale in
This one-celled organism lives the middle?
in freshwater ponds. 5. Why must the ovum be larger than the sperm
cell?
3