Biology and Physiology of the Blood-Brain Barrier: Transport, Cellular Interactions, and Brain Pathologies

366 Pages·1996·12.959 MB·English

by  Werner Risau (auth.), Pierre-Olivier Couraud, Daniel Scherman (eds.)

BIOLOGY AND
PHYSIOLOGY OF THE
BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER
TRANSPORT,
CELLULAR INTERACTIONS,
AND BRAIN PATHOLOGIES
ADVANCES IN BEHAVIORAL BIOLOGY
Editorial Board
Jan Bures Institute of Physiology, Prague, Czech Republic
Irwin Kopin National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland
Bruce McEwen Rockefeller University, New York, New York
James McGaugh University of California, Irvine, California
Karl Pribram Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
Jay Rosenblatt Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey
Lawrence Weiskrantz University of Oxford, Oxford, England
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BIOLOGY AND
PHYSIOLOGY OF THE
BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER
TRANSPORT,
CELLULAR INTERACTIONS,
AND BRAIN PATH·OLOGIES
Edited by
Pierre-Olivier Couraud
lnstitut Cochin de Genetique Moleculaire
Paris, France
and
Daniel Scherman
CNRs-Rh6ne-Poulenc Rorer
Vitry sur Seine, France
SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, LLC
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publieation Data
Biology and physiology of the blood-braln barrler transport,
eellular interaetlons. and brain pathologles I edlted by P,erre
-Olivier Couraud and Daniel Seherman.
p. em. -- IAdvanees in behavloral blOlogy ; v. 461
"Proeeedings of the Cerebral Vaseular B10logy Symposlum, held July
10-12, 1995, In Paris, Franee"--T.p. verso.
Ineludes bibliographleal referenees and Index.
ISBN 978-1-4757-9491-5 ISBN 978-1-4757-9489-2 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4757-9489-2
1. Blaad-brain barrier--Congresses. 2. Blood-braln barrler
disorders--Congresses. I. Couraud. Pierre-Ollvier. II. Scherman,
Daniel. III. Cerebral Vaseular Biology Symposlum 11995 Paris,
Franee) IV. Series.
[DNLM, 1. 6laad-Braln Barrler--physlology--eangresses. W3 AD215
v.46 1996 I WL 200 6615 1996l
QP375,5.B526 1996
612.8'25--de20
DNLM/DLC
for Llbrary of Congress 96-34815
CIP
Proceedings of the Cerebral Vascular Biology Symposium, held July 10-12, 1995,
in Paris, France
ISBN 978-1-4757-9491-5
©1996 Springer Science+Business Media New York
Originally published by Plenum Press, New York in 1996
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1996
1098765432 1
AII rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or
by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise,
without written permission from the Publisher
IN MEMORIAM
We dedicate this book to the memory of
Dr. Ferenc Joo, M.D., Ph.D., D.Sc.
who suddenly died on February 25, 1996
We will remember him as a cheerful scientist
and as a pioneer in the study of the blood-brain barrier
PREFACE
The endothelial cells of the cerebral vasculature constitute, together with perivascular
elements (astrocytes, pcricytes, basement membrane), the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which
strictly limits and specifically controls the exchanges between the blood and the cerebral
extracellular spacc.The existence of such a physical, enzymatic, and active barrier isolating
the central nervous system has broad physiological, biological, pharmacological, and patho
logical consequences, most of which are not yet fully elucidated.
The Cerebral Vascular Biology conference (CVB '95) was organized and held at the
"Carre des Sciences" in Paris on July I 0-12, 1995. Like the CVB '92 conference held in
Duluth, Minnesota, three years ago, the objectives were to provide a forum for presentation
of the most recent progresses and to stimulate discussions in the ticld of the biology,
physiology. and pathology of the blood-brain barrier. The Paris conference gathered more
than !50 participants. including investigators in basic neuroscience, physicians. and stu
dents, who actively contributed to the scientific program by their oral or poster presentations.
This volume contains a collection of short articles that summarize most of the new
data that were presented at the conference. Six thematic parts focus on physiological
transports. drug delivery, multidrug resistance P-glycoprotein, signal transduction at the
BBB. interactions between the immune system and the cerebral endothelial cells, and the
blood-brain barrier-related pathologies in the central nervous system.
In addition, two introductory articles present new insights in the rapidly evolving
topics of cerebral angiogenesis and gene transfer to the brain.
CVB '95 was a satellite conference of the BRAIN '95 meeting (Koln, Germany) and
was financially supported by the Centre National de Ia Recherche Scientifique, the Institut
National de Ia Sante et de Ia Recherche Medicale, the French Ministry of Education and
Research. the Societe des Neurosciences. the European Concerted Action Biomed ("Drug
Delivery to the Brain: New Experimental Strategies"), the Association Naturalia et Biologia.
and the following companies: Amersham, Becton Dickinson, Glaxo, Rhone Poulenc Rorer,
Roussel, and Sanofi.
We would like to acknowledge the members of the CVB '95 Scientific Committee:
Professors A. L. Betz. A. G. de Boer, L. E. Drewes, F. Joo, J. M. Lefauconnier, and W. Risau.
We are also indebted to Dr. M. Santarromana, Dr. D. Lechardeur, and Mrs. J. Catala:
without their competent assistance, this volume could not have been published.
We arc extremely grateful to all the authors and hope that this volume will prolong
the creative atmosphere and enthusiasm shared by the participants to the conference.
P 0. Couraud and D. Scherman
vii
PREFACE
La barriere hemato-encephalique (BHE) est constituee par les cellules endotheliales
des microvaisseaux cerebraux en etroite interaction avec des elements perivasculaires
(membrane basale, pericytes, astrocytes). Ces cellules forment une barriere physiologique
qui limite les echanges entre le sang et l'espace cerebral extracellulaire. Ainsi la barriere
hemato-encephalique isole le systeme nerveux central du reste de l'organisme, avec d'im
portantes consequences physiologiques, biologiques, et pharmacologiques qui ne sont pas
encore totalement elucidees.
Le congres "Biologie Cerebro-Vasculaire" (CVB '95) s'est deroule au Carre des
a
Sciences Paris du 10 au 12 Juillet 1995. Comme le congres CVB '92 de Duluth, Minnesota,
trois ans auparavant, le congres CVB '95 se proposait d'etre un lieu d'information et
d' echanges concernant les progres les plus recents en matiere de biologie, physio1ogie, et
pathologie du systeme vasculaire cerebral et de la BHE, et d' ouvrir un champ de discussions
actives sur ce sujet.
Le congres CVB '95 a reuni a Paris plus de 150 participants dans le domaine des
neurosciences, chercheurs, etudiants, ou cliniciens, qui ont contribue au succes du pro
gramme scientifique par leurs presentations orales ou affichees.
Ce volume regroupe une serie de courts articles resumant la plupart des nouvelles
donnees presentees au cours du congres. Six livraisons thematiques traitent successivement
du transport a travers la BHE, de la penetration cerebrate des medicaments, de 1a P-glyco
proteine de resistance multidrogues, de la transduction du signal, au niveau de Ia BHE, des
interactions entre 1e systeme immunitaire et les cellules endotheliales cerebra1es, et enfin des
pathologies du systeme nerveux central impliquant la BHE. De plus, deux articles pre1imi
naires presentent un apen;u de deux sujets en plein developpement: l'angiogenese au niveau
cerebral et le transfert de genes dans le cerveau.
La conference CVB '95 etait un congres satellite du congres Brain '95. Ce congres
CVB '95 a re9u une aide financiere de la part du Centre National de la Recherche
Scientifique, de l'Institut National de Ia Sante et de la Recherche Medicale, du Ministere de
!'Education Nationale, de l'Enseignement Superieur et de la Recherche, de Ia Societe des
Neurosciences, de 1' Action Concertee Europeenne Biomed: "Drug Delivery to the Brain:
New Experimental Strategies," et de !'Association Naturalia et Biologia. Plusieurs societes
industrielles ont egalement apporte leur soutien financier a ce congres: Amersham, Becton
Dickinson, Glaxo, Rhone Poulenc Rorer, Roussel, Sanofi.
Nous tenons a remercier les membres du Comite Scientifique de la conference CVB
'95: les Professeurs A. L. Betz, A. G. De Boer, L. E. Drewes, F. Joo, J. M. Lefauconnier,
W. Risau.
Nous souhaitons aussi remercier les Dr. M. Santarromana et Dr. D. Lechardeur, ainsi
que Mme. J. Catala: sans leur aide, ce volume n'aurait pas vu le jour.
ix
X Preface
Nous remercions tousles auteurs et esperons que ce volume prolongera !'atmosphere
creative et l'enthousiasme partage par tousles participants de la conference CVB '95.
P 0. Couraud et D. Scherman
CONTENTS
Introductory Overviews
l. Development of Blood-Brain Barrier Endothelial Cells .................... .
Werner Risau
2. Prospects for Neuroprotective Gene Therapy for Neurodegenerative Diseases 9
Marc Peschanski
Part 1: Physiological Transports through the Blood-Brain Barrier
3. Blood-Brain Barrier Taurine Transport and Brain Volume Regulation . . . . . . . . . II
Richard F. Keep, Walter Stumrner, Jianming Xiang, and A. Lorris Betz
4. Volume Regulation of the in Vitro Blood-Brain Barrier by Osmoreactive Amino
Acids during Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
P. J. Gaillard, A. G. De Boer. and D. D. Breimer
5. A Reduction in the Transfer of Amino Acids across the Blood-Brain Barrier
Might Not Be the Sole Mechanism by Which Vasopressin Affects Amino
Acid Levels within the Brain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
A. Reichel, D. J. Begley, and A. Ermisch
6. Differential Amino Acid Uptake into Cerebral Parenchyma and Capillary Cells
during Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Hameed Al-Sarraf, Kevin A. Smart, Malcolm B. SegaL and Jane E. Preston
7. Transport of3H L-Alanine across the Blood-Brain Barrier of in Situ Perfused
Guinea Pig Brain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
lvanka D. Markovic, Zoran B. Redzic, Suzana S. Jovanovic,
Dusan M. Mitrovic. and Ljubisa M. Rakic
8. Distribution of Small Neutral Amino Acids after Penetrating the Luminal Side
ofthe Guinea Pig Blood-Brain Barrier .............................. 41
S. S. Jovanovic, Z. B. Redzic, I. D. Markovic, D. M. Mitrovic, and
Lj. M. Rakic
xi