Biology and management of nosema disease in Muscidifurax raptor (Hymenoptera : Pteromalidae), a pupal parasitoid of muscoid flies

146 Pages·2002·5.4 MB·English

by  Boohene, Carl Kenneth Kwame

BIOLOGYANDMANAGEMENTOFNOSEMADISEASEINMUSCIDIFURAX
RAPTOR(HYMENOPTERA:PTEROMALIDAE),APUPALPARASITOIDOF
MUSCOIDFLIES
-
By
CARL KENNETHKWAMEBOOHENE
ADISSERTATIONPRESENTEDTOTHEGRADUATESCHOOL
OFTHEUNIVERSITYOFFLORIDAINPARTIALFULFILLMENT
OFTHEREQUIREMENTSFORTHEDEGREEOF
DOCTOROFPHILOSOPHY
UNrVERSITYOFFLORIDA
2002
Copyright2002
By
CarlKennethKwameBoohene
Dedicatedtomyparents,Pamelaand Teddyandinlovingmemoryofmygrandmother,
BeatriceMusgrove-Pratt,and mybrother,Alex.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Iwishtoexpressmysincerethanksandappreciationtomysupervisory
committee;Drs.JamesJ.Becnel,ChrisJ.Geden, HowardJ.Frank,JamesL.Nation,and
EllisGreiner,fortheirtime,effort,guidance,andcriticalreviewsofthechapters
throughoutthecourseofmystudies.IwishtoexpressmyspecialgratitudetoDr.Chris
Geden,mysupervisorycochair,forthespecialfriendshipwefosteredduringthiscourse.
Heisaverykind,warm-heartedperson,whowentbeyondtheobligationsofanadvisor
andwashelpfulinmanyinstancesinprovidingmewithsupport,encouragementand
adviceinmyprofessionalandpersonallife.Iamindebtedtohim.
IthankDr.JamesBecnelandPegRotsteinforteachingmeaboutmicrosporidia
andlettingmeseehowfascinatingtheseorganismsare.ThanksgotoTokFukudaforhis
effortsinteachingmeelectronmicroscopy,GenieWhitefortechnicalassistancewith
someofthebioassays,HeatherandSashaforbeingsokindandhappytohelp.Ialso
thankDrs.JimmyBecnelandChrisGedenforgivingunlimitedaccesstotheirreprints
andelectronmicrographsthatwereusedinchapter1.1amgratefulfortheassistanceof
HankMcKeithen andJamesThomasfortheirsupportandencouragement.Iwishto
thankRobbieClarke,HazeBrown,TrishSeaman,SusanHogan,JanetStewart,Lucien-
NahumIsaac,andAdaMalcolmfortheirhelpwiththeparasitoidcolonies.Iamgrateful
toFrankWashingtonforprovidingtheblackdumpflies.
IV
IthankDr.Capinera,HeadofEntomologyandNematology DepartmentandDr.
Smart,graduatecoordinatoroftheEntomologyandNematologyDepartmentfortheir
adviceandassistance.IthankDr.PaulineLawrenceforherassistance.Specialthanksare
duetoDebbieHall,whowaseversowillingandhappytoadviseaboutallthe
administrativeworkingraduateschool. ThanksarealsoduetoDr.DonBarnard,
ResearchLeaderfortheMosquitoandFlyResearchUnitUSDA-CMAVE,forgiving
accesstothefacilties,andErinRountreeforheradministrativesupport.
IwishtoexpressmysinceregratitudetoDr.ErnestHarris,whohasalways
encouragedandsupportedmetopursueacareerinentomology.Iamindebtedtohimfor
allthehelpIhavereceivedfromhim.
DuringmystayinGainesville,Icameacrossmanywonderfulpeopleandfriends
whomademystayhereverypleasant.IthankJamesandGraceOkine,Oludapoand
ModupeSoremi,ChrisandYasminOkonkwo,TonyandMeritOkoh,Somya,Taite,
Bensah,Kezia,KwameandSholanda,fortheirfriendship,loveandsupport. Ithank
membersofourBiblestudygroup,Lanre,Abi,Gbola,Aigi,Furaha,Lucy,Vivian,
William,Joyce,GeorgeandFeliciaforthetimeweenjoyedfellowshiptogether,their
prayers,love,support,andencouragement.Thanksgotomembersofmyinsect
pathologyclass, Filberto,Michael,Gissette,andDeanna,forgreatteamworkandeffort.
IthanktheNationalResearchInitiativeforprovidingthegrantthatsupportedmy
researchAssistantshipthroughoutmostofmystudies.
Sincerethanksareduetomyfiancee,Paulina,whoselovesupport,prayersand
encouragementswereadrivingforceandmotivationforme.Ithankmyparentsand
brothersfortheirloveandsupport.
FinallyandmostimportantofallIthankmyLordandSaviorJesusChrist,
withoutwhomIwouldnothavebeenabletocompletethiswork.Hewasmystrength
whenIwasweak,anditwasthroughHimthatIwasabletoovercomealltheobstacles
thatcamemyway.
VI
TABLEOFCONTENTS
Page
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iv
LISTOFTABLES ix
LISTOFFIGURES xii
ABSTRACT xv
CHAPTERS
1 REVIEWOFLITERATUREANDRESEARCHOBJECTIVES 1
GeneralIntroductionofMicrosporidia 1
TaxonomyandPhylogeny 3
ImportanceofMicrosporidia 5
ImportanceofPteromalidsinBiologicalControlofMuscoidFlies 7
Host-Parasitoid-MicrosporidiaInteractions 8
BiologyofMuscidifuracisraptor 9
EffectandImportanceofNosemamuscidifuracisonM.raptor 11
BiologyandLifeCycleofNosemamuscidifuracis 11
ResearchObjectives 13
2 TRANSMISSIONTESTINGWITHNOSEMAMUSCIDIFURACIS
(MICROSPORIDIA:NOSEMATIDAE)INOTHERPTEROMALID
PARASITOIDSANDNON-TARGETORGANISMS 25
Introduction 25
MaterialsandMethods 28
Results 33
Discussion 36
3 THEEFFECTOFNOSEMAMUSCIDIFURACIS(MICROSPORIDIA:
NOSEMATIDAE)ONDEVELOPMENTTIMESOFMUSCIDIFURAX
RAPTOR(HYMENOPTERA;PTEROMALIDAE)ATVARIOUS
TEMPERATURES 56
Introduction 56
MaterialandMethods 58
vn
Results 60
Discussion 62
4 EVALUATIONOFREMEDIATIONMETHODSFORNOSEMADISEASEIN
MUSCIDIFURAXRAPTOR(HYMENOPTERA:PTEROMALIDAE) 73
Introduction 73
MaterialsandMethods 76
Results 83
Discussion 88
5 SUMMARYANDCONCLUSIONS 108
LISTOFREFERENCES 112
BIOGRAPHICALSKETCH 127
vin
LISTOFTABLES
Table Page
1-1. ParasitoidsdirectlysusceptibletotheMicrosporidia
infectingtheirhosts 21
1-2. Microsporidiaofparasitoidsinwhichthehostofthe
parasitoidsarenotsusceptible 23
1-3. Undescribedmicrosporidia fromparasitoidsinwhich
themicrosporidia,parasitoidandhostinterrelationships
hasnotbeendetermined 23
1-4. SomedipteranhostsofMuscidifuraxraptor 24
2-1. Infectionstatusofalternatehostafterexposuretosporesof
Nosemamuscidifuracis 43
2-2. MortalityofM.raptor(SE)thatwerefed(for7days)witheithera
honeysolutioncontainingN.muscidifuracissporesorhoneysolution
withoutspores 44
2-3. MortalityofM.raptorellus(SE)thatwerefed(for7days) with
eitherahoneysolutioncontainingN.muscidifuracissporesor
honeysolutionwithoutspores 45
2-4. MortalityofSpalangiagemma(SE)thatwerefed(for9days)
witheitherahoneysolutioncontainingN.muscidifuracisspores
orhoneysolutionwithoutspores 46
2-5. MortalityofSpalangianigroaenea(SE)thatwerefed(for9days)
witheitherahoneysolutioncontainingN.muscidifuracisspores
orhoneysolutionwithoutspores 47
2-6. MortalityofSpalangiacameroni(SE)thatwerefed(for9days)
witheitherahoneysolutioncontainingN.muscidifuracisspores
orhoneysolutionwithoutspores 48
IX
Table Page
2-7. MortalityofSpalangiaendius(SE)thatwerefed(for9days)
witheitherahoneysolutioncontainingN.muscidifuracisspores
orhoneysolutionwithoutspores 49
2-8. Infectionlevelsofpteromalidsateither7(Muscidifurax spp.)or9
{Spalangiaspp.)dayspost-exposuretoNosemamuscidifuracisspores
ataconcentrationof7.6x106spores/ml 50
2-9. Infectionlevelofprogenyofpteromalidspeciesgivenhostsoneither
day7orday9post-exposuretosporesof'N.muscidifuracis 51
3-1. EmergenceofuninfectedM.raptorandofparasitoidsinfected
withNosemamuscidifuracisatvarioustemperatures 66
3-2. Developmenttimes(eggtoadults)ofmaleandfemaleM.raptorand
M.raptorinfectedwithNosemamuscidifuracisatvarioustemperatures 67
3-3. Analysisofvariancefortheeffectsoftemperatureandinfectionwith
Nosemamuscidifuracisondevelopmenttimesofmaleandfemale
Muscidifuraxraptor 68
4-1. EmergenceandinfectionlevelofadultM.raptorafterimmaturestages
weretreatedwithvariousdoseofradiation 93
4-2. RelativesurvivalandinfectionlevelofM.raptor
(eggstagewithinhostpuparia)whensubjectedtoheatat40or45°C 94
4-3. RelativesurvivalandinfectionlevelofM.raptor
(eggstagewithinhostpuparia)whensubjectedtoheatat47or50°C 95
4-4. Infectionlevel[mean(SE)]ofM.raptorrearedatvariousconstant
temperaturesthroughthreegenerations 96
4-5. Sporeconcentration[meanx106(SE)of3groupsof10M.raptor
infectedwithNmuscidifuracisrearedatvarioustemperatures
throughthreegenerations 97
4-6. Theeffectofvariousconcentrationsofalbendazoleonpupalweight
ofMuscadomestica.Fourgroupsof50larvaefedonadietcontaining
variousconcentrationofalbendazoleuntilpupation 98