Biology and Ecology of Pharmaceutical Marine Plants

505 Pages·2018·62.291 MB·English

by  Santhanam, Ramasamy, Santhanam, Ramesh, Suleria, Hafiz

Biology and Ecology of
Pharmaceutical Marine Plants

Biology and Ecology of
Pharmaceutical Marine Plants
Ramasamy Santhanam
Ramesh Santhanam
Hafiz Suleria
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Santhanam, Ramasamy, 1946- author.
Title: Biology and ecology of pharmaceutical marine plants / Ramasamy
Santhanam, Ramesh Santhanam, and Hafiz Suleria.
Description: Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, 2018. | Includes bibliographical
references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017056044 | ISBN 9780815393870 (hardback : alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Marine plants--Therapeutic use. | Marine plants--Ecology.
Classification: LCC QK103 .S26 2018 | DDC 579.8/177--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017056044
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Contents
Preface..............................................................................................................................................vii
Authors ..............................................................................................................................................ix
Chapter 1 Uses of Marine Plants ..................................................................................................1
1.1 Marine Plants as Human Food ..........................................................................1
1.1.1 Seaweeds for Food and Cultivation .....................................................1
1.1.2 Food Species of Other Marine Plants ..................................................2
1.2 Pharmaceutical Uses of Marine Plants..............................................................3
1.2.1 Pharmaceutical Uses of Seaweeds .......................................................3
1.2.2 Pharmaceutical Uses of Mangrove Plants ...........................................3
1.2.3 Pharmaceutical Uses of Seagrasses .....................................................3
1.2.4 Pharmaceutical Uses of Salt Marsh Plants (Halophytes).....................4
1.2.5 Pharmaceutical Uses of Coastal Sand Dune Plants .............................4
1.3 Marine Plants and Drug Development: Status and Prospects ...........................4
Chapter 2 Biology and Ecology of Pharmaceutical Marine Plants ..............................................7
2.1 Algae ..................................................................................................................7
2.1.1 Blue-Green Algae (Cyanophyta or Cyanobacteria) .............................7
2.1.2 Green Algae (Chlorophyta) ................................................................21
2.1.3 Brown Algae (Phaeophyta) ................................................................54
2.1.4 Red Algae (Rhodophyta) ..................................................................178
2.2 Mangrove Plants ............................................................................................255
2.3 Seagrasses ......................................................................................................336
2.4 Salt Marsh Plants (Halophytes) .....................................................................362
2.5 Coastal Sand Dune Plants .............................................................................418
References .....................................................................................................................................437
Index ..............................................................................................................................................471
v

Preface
Marine plants such as algae (blue-green algae and seaweeds); seagrasses; mangrove plants; salt-tolerant
or salt-loving plants (halophytes); and coastal sand dune plants are known to generate approximately
70% of oxygen on Earth and to help regulate oxygen in the atmosphere. These plants are also the poten-
tial sources of nutrients. Seaweeds with docosahexaenoic acid, a chemical usually found in human
milk that is vital to children’s brain development, are commercially processed for a variety of products,
including foods and fertilizer. These marine plants are also considered valuable for the development
of new drugs, owing to their unique bioactive compounds. The inability to cure many diseases such as
cancer and arthritis has further intensified the need for the development of such drugs from these natu-
ral sources. Dunaliella salina, a type of halophile green microalgae, is known for its antioxidant activity
due to its ability to create large amounts of carotenoids. The polysaccharide fractions of seaweeds such
as the green alga Caulerpa racemosa; the brown algae Padina arborescens and Sargassum patens;
and the red algae Corallina elongata and Hypnea charoides have shown high antiviral activity against
herpes simplex virus. The organic fractions of the brown seaweeds Sargassum pallidum, Sargassum
oligocystum, Sargassum thunbergii, Cystoseira compressa, Cystophora usneoides, and Cystoseira
mediterranea have shown anticancer properties, with anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative activities
against human cancer cell lines. The polysaccharide isolated from Sargassum latifolium has shown a
selective cytotoxicity against lymphoblastic leukemia 1301 cells. The red alga Acanthophora spicifera
has shown tumoricidal activity on Ehrlich’s ascites carcinoma cells developed in mice. Similarly, the
caulerpenyne isolated from the green alga Caulerpa taxifolia has shown cytotoxic activity towards
several human cell lines. Among the different species of sea grasses, Halophila ovalis has shown appre-
ciable antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. Many of the mangrove plants have
shown antiviral and antibacterial activities. Species such as Avicennia marina, Sesuvium portulacas-
trum, and Suaeda monoica have chemical properties that can kill vectors—namely, Anopheles, Culex,
and Aedes—which cause diseases such as malaria, filariasis, and dengue fever.
Though a few books are presently available on marine natural products, a comprehensive book
on the “biology and ecology of pharmaceutical marine plants” has not yet been published. Thus,
this publication represents the first of its kind with contributions from scientists of both the marine
biology and pharmacy disciplines. The taxonomy, common name, global distribution, habitat,
diagnostic features, and pharmaceutical compounds (along with their activities) of 400 species of
marine plants are given, along with suitable illustrations. It is hoped that the present publication
once brought out will be of great use as a standard reference for researchers, teachers, and students
of various disciplines including the fisheries science, marine biology, life sciences, biotechnology,
biochemistry, and pharmacy disciplines; in the libraries of colleges, universities, and institutions;
and as a valuable guide for pharmaceutical companies involved in the development of new drugs
from marine plants.
The authors express their sincere thanks to Dr. G. Sanjviraj, formerly a professor and head
of the Department of Fisheries Extension, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamilnadu
Veterinary and Animal Sciences University in India, for his valued comments and suggestions.
They are also very grateful to all their international friends for sharing photographs of certain
species of marine plants. The timely help of Mr. Arulanantham Dhandapani, assistant professor at
Nandha Engineering College in Erode, Tamilnadu, India, in the draft designing of the cover of this
publication is gratefully acknowledged. Additionally, the authors wish to thank Albin Panimalar
Ramesh for her secretarial assistance and help with photography.
Suggestions from the readers are welcome.
vii

Authors
Dr. Ramasamy Santhanam is former Dean of the Fisheries College and Research Institute at
the Tamilnadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University in Thoothukudi, India. His fields of
specialization are marine biology and fisheries environment. He is currently serving as a resource
person for various universities in India. He has also served as an expert for the Environment
Management Capacity Building, a World Bank–aided project of the Department of Ocean
Development, India. Previously, he has been a member of the American Fisheries Society, the
World Aquaculture Society, the Global Fisheries Ecosystem Management Network (GFEMN),
and the International Union for Conservation of Nature’s (IUCN) Commission on Ecosystem
Management in Switzerland. Dr. Santhanam has written 21 books on Fisheries Science/Marine
Biology as well as 70 research papers.
Dr. Ramesh Santhanam, Professor and Director of the Pharm.D Program at Ratnam Institute
of Pharmacy, Nellore, A.P., India., earned his Ph.D. degree from Jawaharlal Nehru Technological
University, in Hyderabad, India, in 2011. His fields of specialization are biopharmaceutical prod-
ucts, pharmaceutical nanotechnology, and novel drug delivery systems. Dr. Ramesh has 12 years
of teaching/overseas experience. He has authored three books, Freshwater Phytopharmaceutical
Compounds, Marine Pharmaceutical Compounds, and A Text Book of Novel Drug Delivery
Systems, and ten research papers published in nationally and internationally reputed journals. He is
presently serving as Fellow of Institutions of Chemists, India; Associate Member of the Academy
Pharmacy Group, Royal Pharmaceutical Society, Great Britain; and Member of British Society of
Nanomedicine, U.K.
Dr. Hafiz Suleria is currently working as Postdoctoral Research Fellow in the Department of
Food, Nutrition, Dietetics, and Health, at Kansas State University, in Manhattan, Kansas, U.S.A.
He is also Honorary Fellow in the Diamantina Institute–Faculty of Medicine, at The University of
Queensland, Australia. Previously, he has been awarded an International Postgraduate Research
Scholarship (IPRS) and an Australian Postgraduate Award (APA) for his Ph.D. research at UQ
School of Medicine, the Translational Research Institute (TRI), in collaboration with Commonwealth
and Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO, Australia).
Dr. Suleria’s major research focus is on food science and nutrition, particularly in the screen-
ing of bioactive molecules: isolation, purification, and characterization, using various cutting-edge
techniques from different plants, marine, and animal sources, followed by their in vitro bioactivity,
in vivo, cell culture, and animal modelling. He has also conducted studies on functional foods and
nutraceutical, food, and function and alternative medicine.
He has published more than 50 peer-reviewed scientific papers in different reputed/impacted
journals. He is also in collaboration with more than five universities where he is working as a
co-supervisor and special member for Ph.D. and postgraduate students and has also been involved
in joint publications, projects, and grants.
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