Biology, 9th Edition

1412 Pages·2010·193.05 MB·english

by  Eldra Solomon

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Biology
N I N T H E D I T I O N
ELDRA P. SOLOMON
former affiliations:
University of South Florida, Tampa
Hillsborough Community College
LINDA R. BERG
former affiliations:
University of Maryland, College Park
St. Petersburg College
DIANA W. MARTIN
Rutgers University
Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States
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Biology, Ninth Edition
Eldra P. Solomon, Linda R. Berg, and Diana W. Martin
Publisher, Life Sciences: Yolanda Cossio © 2011, 2008 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning
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DEDICATION
To our families, friends, and colleagues who gave freely of their
love, support, knowledge, and time as we prepared this ninth
edition of Biology.
Especially to
Freda, Kathleen, Mical, Amy, and Belicia
Alan and Jennifer
Chuck and Margaret
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ABOUT THE AUTHORS
ELDRA P. SOLOMON has written sev- LINDA R. BERG is an award-winning DIANA W. MARTIN is the Director
eral leading college-level textbooks in teacher and textbook author. She received of General Biology, Division of Life
biology and in human anatomy and physi- a B.S. in science education, an M.S. in Sciences, at Rutgers University, New
ology. Her books have been translated botany, and a Ph.D. in plant physiology Brunswick Campus. She received an M.S.
into more than 10 languages. Dr. Solo- from the University of Maryland. Her at Florida State University, where she
mon earned an M.S. from the University research focused on the evolutionary studied the chromosomes of related plant
of Florida and an M.A. and Ph.D. from implications of steroid biosynthetic path- species to understand their evolution-
the University of South Florida. Dr. Solo- ways in various organisms. ary relationships. She earned a Ph.D. at
mon taught biology and nursing students Dr. Berg taught at the University of the University of Texas at Austin, where
for more than 20 years. Maryland at College Park for 17 years she studied the genetics of the fruit fly,
In addition to being a biologist and and at St. Petersburg College in Florida Drosophila melanogaster, and then con-
science author, Dr. Solomon is a bio- for 8 years. During her career, she taught ducted postdoctoral research at Prince-
psychologist with a special interest in introductory courses in biology, botany, ton University. She has taught General
the neuro-physiology of traumatic ex- and environmental science to thousands Biology and other courses at Rutgers for
perience. Her research has focused on of students. At the University of Mary- more than 25 years and has been involved
the neurological, endocrine, and psy- land, she received numerous teaching and in writing textbooks since 1988. She is
chological eff ects of trauma, including service awards. Dr. Berg is also the recipi- immensely grateful that her decision to
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and devel- ent of many national and regional awards, study biology in college has led to a career
opment of maladaptive coping strategies. including the National Science Teachers that allows her many ways to share her
Dr. Solomon has presented her re- Association Award for Innovations in excitement about all aspects of biology.
search at many national and international College Science Teaching, the Nation’s
conferences, and her work has been pub- Capital Area Disabled Student Services
lished in leading professional journals. Award, and the Washington Academy
Dr. Solomon has been profi led more than of Sciences Award in University Science
30 times in leading publications, includ- Teaching.
ing Who’s Who in America, Who’s Who During her career as a professional
in Science and Engineering, Who’s Who in science writer, Dr. Berg has authored or
Medicine and Healthcare, Who’s Who in co-authored several leading college sci-
American Education, Who’s Who of Ameri- ence textbooks. Her writing refl ects her
can Women, and Who’s Who in the World. teaching style and love of science.
Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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Brief Contents
Preface xxv 14 Gene Regulation 307
To the Student xxxi 15 DNA Technology and Genomics 323
16 Human Genetics and the Human Genome 347
Part 1 THE ORGANIZATION OF LIFE 1 17 Developmental Genetics 369
1 A View of Life 1
Part 4 THE CONTINUITY OF LIFE:
2 Atoms and Molecules: EVOLUTION 391
The Chemical Basis of Life 26
3 The Chemistry of Life: Organic Compounds 46 18 Introduction to Darwinian Evolution 391
4 Organization of the Cell 74 19 Evolutionary Change in Populations 411
5 Biological Membranes 106 20 Speciation and Macroevolution 426
6 Cell Communication 134 21 The Origin and Evolutionary History of Life 446
22 The Evolution of Primates 465
Part 2 ENERGY TRANSFER THROUGH
LIVING SYSTEMS 154
Part 5 THE DIVERSITY OF LIFE 481
7 Energy and Metabolism 154
23 Understanding Diversity: Systematics 481
8 How Cells Make ATP:
24 Viruses and Subviral Agents 501
Energy-Releasing Pathways 172
25 Bacteria and Archaea 517
9 Photosynthesis: Capturing Light Energy 193
26 Protists 537
27 Seedless Plants 561
Part 3 THE CONTINUITY OF LIFE:
GENETICS 213 28 Seed Plants 582
29 The Fungi 601
10 Chromosomes, Mitosis, and Meiosis 213
30 An Introduction to Animal Diversity 626
11 The Basic Principles of Heredity 237
31 Sponges, Cnidarians, Ctenophores,
12 DNA: The Carrier of Genetic Information 263 and Protostomes 640
13 Gene Expression 282 32 The Deuterostomes 675
v
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Part 6 STRUCTURE AND LIFE PROCESSES 49 Endocrine Regulation 1052
IN PLANTS 708
50 Reproduction 1077
51 Animal Development 1106
33 Plant Structure, Growth, and Development 708
52 Animal Behavior 1127
34 Leaf Structure and Function 728
35 Stem Structure and Transport 744
Part 8 THE INTERACTIONS OF LIFE:
36 Roots and Mineral Nutrition 761 ECOLOGY 1153
37 Reproduction in Flowering Plants 781
38 Plant Developmental Responses to External 53 Introduction to Ecology: Population Ecology 1153
and Internal Signals 803
54 Community Ecology 1173
55 Ecosystems and the Biosphere 1196
Part 7 STRUCTURE AND LIFE PROCESSES
56 Ecology and the Geography of Life 1218
IN ANIMALS 821
57 Biological Diversity and Conservation Biology 1242
39 Animal Structure and Function: An Introduction 821
Appendix A Periodic Table of the Elements A-1
40 Protection, Support, and Movement 842
Appendix B Classifi cation of Organisms A-2
41 Neural Signaling 860
Appendix C Understanding Biological Terms A-6
42 Neural Regulation 882
Appendix D Abbreviations A-9
43 Sensory Systems 911
Appendix E Answers to Test Your Understanding
44 Internal Transport 937
Questions A-11
45 The Immune System: Internal Defense 963
Glossary G-1
46 Gas Exchange 993
Index I-1
47 Processing Food and Nutrition 1012
48 Osmoregulation and Disposal
of Metabolic Wastes 1034
vi Brief Contents
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Table of Contents
Part 1 THE ORGANIZATION OF LIFE 1 A theory is supported by tested hypotheses 19
Many hypotheses cannot be tested by direct experiment 19
Paradigm shift s allow new discoveries 21
1 A View of Life 1 Systems biology integrates diff erent levels of information 21
Science has ethical dimensions 22
Three Basic Themes 2
Characteristics of Life 2
Organisms are composed of cells 2 2 Atoms and Molecules:
Organisms grow and develop 3 The Chemical Basis of Life 26
Organisms regulate their metabolic processes 3
Elements and Atoms 27
Organisms respond to stimuli 4
An atom is uniquely identifi ed by its number of protons 27
Organisms reproduce 4
Protons plus neutrons determine atomic mass 28
Populations evolve and become adapted to the environment 5
Isotopes of an element diff er in number of neutrons 29
Levels of Biological Organization 5
Electrons move in orbitals corresponding to energy levels 30
Organisms have several levels of organization 6
Chemical Reactions 31
Several levels of ecological organization can be identifi ed 6
Atoms form compounds and molecules 31
Information Transfer 6
Simplest, molecular, and structural chemical formulas give
DNA transmits information from one generation to the next 6 diff erent information 31
Information is transmitt ed by chemical and electrical signals 8 One mole of any substance contains the same number
of units 31
The Energy of Life 8
Chemical equations describe chemical reactions 32
Evolution: The Basic Unifying Concept of Biology 10
Biologists use a binomial system for naming organisms 11 Chemical Bonds 32
Taxonomic classifi cation is hierarchical 11 In covalent bonds electrons are shared 32
Th e tree of life includes three domains and several kingdoms 11 Ionic bonds form between cations and anions 34
Species adapt in response to changes in their environment 14 Hydrogen bonds are weak att ractions 36
Natural selection is an important mechanism by which van der Waals interactions are weak forces 36
evolution proceeds 14
Redox Reactions 36
Populations evolve as a result of selective pressures from changes
Water 37
in their environment 15
Hydrogen bonds form between water molecules 37
The Process of Science 15
Water molecules interact with hydrophilic substances by
Science requires systematic thought processes 16 hydrogen bonding 38
Scientists make careful observations and ask Water helps maintain a stable temperature 38
critical questions 16
Acids, Bases, and Salts 40
Chance oft en plays a role in scientifi c discovery 17
pH is a convenient measure of acidity 41
A hypothesis is a testable statement 17
Buff ers minimize pH change 42
Many predictions can be tested by experiment 18
An acid and a base react to form a salt 42
Researchers must avoid bias 19
Scientists interpret the results of experiments
and make conclusions 19
vii
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3 The Chemistry of Life: The Cell Nucleus 86
Organic Compounds 46
Organelles in the Cytoplasm 89
Carbon Atoms and Organic Molecules 47 Ribosomes manufacture proteins 89
Isomers have the same molecular formula but Th e endoplasmic reticulum is a network of internal
diff erent structures 48 membranes 89
Functional groups change the properties of organic molecules 48 Th e Golgi complex processes, sorts, and modifi es proteins 91
Many biological molecules are polymers 51 Lysosomes are compartments for digestion 93
Vacuoles are large, fl uid-fi lled sacs with a variety of functions 93
Carbohydrates 51
Peroxisomes metabolize small organic compounds 93
Monosaccharides are simple sugars 52
Mitochondria and chloroplasts are energy-converting
Disaccharides consist of two monosaccharide units 53
organelles 94
Polysaccharides can store energy or provide structure 53
Mitochondria make ATP through cellular respiration 94
Some modifi ed and complex carbohydrates have
Chloroplasts convert light energy to chemical energy through
special roles 55
photosynthesis 96
Lipids 56
The Cytoskeleton 97
Triacylglycerol is formed from glycerol and three fatt y acids 57
Microtubules are hollow cylinders 97
Saturated and unsaturated fatt y acids diff er in physical
Centrosomes and centrioles function in cell division 98
properties 57
Cilia and fl agella are composed of microtubules 98
Phospholipids are components of cell membranes 58
Microfi laments consist of intertwined strings of actin 99
Carotenoids and many other pigments are derived from
Intermediate fi laments help stabilize cell shape 101
isoprene units 59
Steroids contain four rings of carbon atoms 59 Cell Coverings 101
Some chemical mediators are lipids 59
Proteins 60
5 Biological Membranes 106
Amino acids are the subunits of proteins 60
Peptide bonds join amino acids 61 The Structure of Biological Membranes 107
Proteins have four levels of organization 61 Phospholipids form bilayers in water 107
Th e amino acid sequence of a protein determines its Th e fl uid mosaic model explains membrane structure 108
conformation 66 Biological membranes are two-dimensional fl uids 109
Biological membranes fuse and form closed vesicles 111
Nucleic Acids 68
Membrane proteins include integral and peripheral proteins 111
Some nucleotides are important in energy transfers and other
cell functions 68 Proteins are oriented asymmetrically across the bilayer 113
Identifying Biological Molecules 69 Overview of Membrane Protein Functions 114
Cell Membrane Structure and Permeability 115
Biological membranes present a barrier to polar molecules 115
4 Organization of the Cell 74
Transport proteins transfer molecules across membranes 115
The Cell: Basic Unit of Life 75 Passive Transport 116
Th e cell theory is a unifying concept in biology 75 Diff usion occurs down a concentration gradient 116
Th e organization of all cells is basically similar 75 Osmosis is diff usion of water across a selectively permeable
Cell size is limited 75 membrane 117
Cell size and shape are adapted to function 76 Facilitated diff usion occurs down a concentration gradient 119
Methods for Studying Cells 77 Active Transport 121
Light microscopes are used to study stained or living cells 77 Active transport systems “pump” substances against their
Electron microscopes provide a high-resolution image that can be concentration gradients 121
greatly magnifi ed 79 Carrier proteins can transport one or two solutes 123
Biologists use biochemical techniques to study cell Cotransport systems indirectly provide energy
components 79 for active transport 123
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells 81 Exocytosis and Endocytosis 123
Organelles of prokaryotic cells are not surrounded by In exocytosis, vesicles export large molecules 123
membranes 81 In endocytosis, the cell imports materials 125
Membranes divide the eukaryotic cell into compartments 82
viii Table of Contents
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