Biology, 8th Edition

1379 Pages·2007·99.11 MB·english

by  Eldra Solomon

Biology
E I G H T H E D I T I O N
Eldra P. Solomon Linda R. Berg Diana W. Martin
University of South Florida St. Petersburg College Rutgers University
Australia • Canada • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States
Biology,Eighth Edition
Eldra P. Solomon, Linda R. Berg, and Diana W. Martin
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DEDICATION
To our families, friends, and colleagues who gave freely of their
love, support, knowledge, and time as we prepared this eighth
edition of Biology
Especially to
Rabbi Theodore and Freda Brod
Alan and Jennifer
Chuck and Margaret
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ABOUT THE AUTHORS
ELDRA P. SOLOMON has written LINDA R. BERG is an award-winning DIANA W. MARTIN is the Director
several leading college-level textbooks teacher and textbook author. She re- of General Biology, Division of Life
in biology and in human anatomy and ceived a B.S. in science education, an Sciences, at Rutgers University, New
physiology. Her books have been trans- M.S. in botany, and a Ph.D. in plant Brunswick Campus. She received an
lated into more than 10 languages. physiology from the University of Mary- M.S. at Florida State University, where
Dr. Solomon earned an M.S. from the land. Her research focused on the evo- she studied the chromosomes of related
University of Florida and an M.A. and lutionary implications of steroid biosyn- plant species to understand their evolu-
Ph.D. from the University of South thetic pathways in various organisms. tionary relationships. She earned a Ph.D.
Florida. Dr. Solomon taught biology and Dr. Berg taught at the University of at the University of Texas at Austin,
nursing students for more than 20 years. Maryland at College Park for 17 years where she studied the genetics of the
She is adjunct professor and member of and at St. Petersburg College in Florida fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, and
the Graduate Faculty of the University for 8 years. During her career, she taught then conducted postdoctoral research
of South Florida. introductory courses in biology, botany, at Princeton University. She has taught
In addition to being a biologist and and environmental science to thousands general biology and other courses at
science author, Dr. Solomon is a bio- of students. At the University of Mary- Rutgers for more than 20 years and has
psychologist with a special interest in the land, she received numerous teaching been involved in writing textbooks since
neuro physiology of traumatic experience. and service awards. Dr. Berg is also the 1988. She is immensely grateful that her
Her research has focused on the relation- recipient of many national and regional decision to study biology in college has
ships among stress, emotions, and health awards, including the National Science led to a career that allows her many ways
and on post-traumatic stress disorder. Teachers Association Award for Innova- to share her excitement about all aspects
Dr. Solomon has presented her work in tions in College Science Teaching, the of biology.
plenary sessions and scientific meetings at Nation’s Capital Area Disabled Student
many national and international confer- Services Award, and the Washington
ences. She has been profiled more than Academy of Sciences Award in Univer-
20 times in leading publications, includ- sity Science Teaching.
ingWho’s Who in America, Who’s Who During her career as a professional
in Science and Engineering, Who’s Who in science writer, Dr. Berg has authored or
Medicine and Healthcare,Who’s Who in co-authored several leading college sci-
American Education, Who’s Who of Ameri- ence textbooks. Her writing reflects her
can Women, and Who’s Who in the World. teaching style and love of science.
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Brief Contents
Preface xxvii 14 Gene Regulation 304
To the Student xxxiii 15 DNA Technology and Genomics 322
16 The Human Genome 346
17 Developmental Genetics 368
Part1 THE ORGANIZATION OF LIFE 1
1 A View of Life 1
Part4 THE CONTINUITY OF LIFE:
2 Atoms and Molecules: The Chemical Basis
EVOLUTION 390
of Life 25
3 The Chemistry of Life: Organic Compounds 45 18 Introduction to Darwinian Evolution 390
4 Organization of the Cell 73 19 Evolutionary Change in Populations 412
5 Biological Membranes 106 20 Speciation and Macroevolution 428
6 Cell Communication 134 21 The Origin and Evolutionary
History of Life 447
22 The Evolution of Primates 466
Part2 ENERGY TRANSFER THROUGH
LIVING SYSTEMS 152
Part5 THE DIVERSITY OF LIFE 482
7 Energy and Metabolism 152
8 How Cells Make ATP: Energy-Releasing 23 Understanding Diversity: Systematics 482
Pathways 171
24 Viruses and Prokaryotes 500
9 Photosynthesis: Capturing Energy 191
25 Protists 530
26 Kingdom Fungi 555
27 The Plant Kingdom: Seedless Plants 581
Part3 THE CONTINUITY OF LIFE:
28 The Plant Kingdom: Seed Plants 600
GENETICS 211
29 The Animal Kingdom: An Introduction
10 Chromosomes, Mitosis, and Meiosis 211 to Animal Diversity 619
11 The Basic Principles of Heredity 234 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes 640
12 DNA: The Carrier of Genetic Information 260 31 The Animal Kingdom:
The Deuterostomes 667
13 Gene Expression 279
vii
Part6 STRUCTURE AND LIFE PROCESSES 48 Endocrine Regulation 1028
IN PLANTS 698
49 Reproduction 1051
32 Plant Structure, Growth, and 50 Animal Development 1080
Differentiation 698
51 Animal Behavior 1101
33 Leaf Structure and Function 715
34 Stems and Transport in Vascular Plants 731
35 Roots and Mineral Nutrition 748
Part8 THE INTERACTIONS OF LIFE:
36 Reproduction in Flowering Plants 767 ECOLOGY 1126
37 Plant Growth and Development 789
52 Introduction to Ecology: Population
Ecology 1126
53 Community Ecology 1146
Part7 STRUCTURE AND LIFE PROCESSES 54 Ecosystems and the Biosphere 1166
IN ANIMALS 807
55 Ecology and the Geography of Life 1189
38 Animal Structure and Function: 56 Global Environmental Issues 1212
An Introduction 807
39 Protection, Support, and Movement 827 Appendix A Periodic Table of the Elements A-1
40 Neural Signaling 845 Appendix B Classification of Organisms A-2
41 Neural Regulation 865 Appendix C Understanding Biological Terms A-6
42 Sensory Systems 893 Appendix D Abbreviations A-9
43 Internal Transport 919 Appendix E Answers to Test Your Understanding
Questions A-11
44 The Immune System: Internal Defense 944
Glossary G-1
45 Gas Exchange 970
Index I-1
46 Processing Food and Nutrition 989
47 Osmoregulation and Disposal
of Metabolic Wastes 1011
viii Brief Contents www.thomsonedu.com/biology/solomon
Contents
Part 1 THE ORGANIZATION OF LIFE 1 Scientists interpret the results of experiments and make
conclusions 18
A theory is supported by tested hypotheses 20
1 A VIEW OF LIFE 1 Many hypotheses cannot be tested by direct experiment 20
Paradigm shifts allow new discoveries 21
Three Basic Themes 2
Systems biology integrates different levels of information 21
Characteristics of Life 2
Science has ethical dimensions 21
Organisms are composed of cells 2
Organisms grow and develop 3
Organisms regulate their metabolic processes 3
Organisms respond to stimuli 4
Organisms reproduce 5 2 ATOMS AND MOLECULES:
Populations evolve and become adapted THE CHEMICAL BASIS OF LIFE 25
to the environment 5
Elements and Atoms 26
Levels of Biological Organization 6 An atom is uniquely identifi ed by its number of protons 27
Organisms have several levels of organization 6
Protons plus neutrons determine atomic mass 28
Several levels of ecological organization can be identifi ed 6
Isotopes of an element differ in number of neutrons 28
Information Transfer 6 Electrons move in orbitals corresponding to energy levels 29
DNA transmits information from one generation
Chemical Reactions 29
to the next 6
Atoms form compounds and molecules 29
Information is transmitted by chemical and electrical
Simplest, molecular, and structural chemical formulas
signals 8
give different information 30
Evolution: The Basic Unifying Concept One mole of any substance contains the same number
of Biology 9 of units 31
Biologists use a binomial system for naming organisms 9 Chemical equations describe chemical reactions 31
Taxonomic classifi cation is hierarchical 9
Chemical Bonds 31
The tree of life includes three domains and six kingdoms 11
In covalent bonds electrons are shared 31
Species adapt in response to changes in their environment 11
Ionic bonds form between cations and anions 33
Natural selection is an important mechanism by which
Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions 35
evolution proceeds 11
van der Waals interactions are weak forces 36
Populations evolve as a result of selective pressures from
changes in their environment 13 Redox Reactions 36
The Energy for Life 14 Water 36
Hydrogen bonds form between water molecules 37
The Process of Science 15
Water molecules interact with hydrophilic substances
Science requires systematic thought processes 16
by hydrogen bonding 37
Scientists make careful observations and ask critical
Water helps maintain a stable temperature 38
questions 16
Chance often plays a role in scientifi c discovery 16 Acids, Bases, and Salts 39
A hypothesis is a testable statement 17 pH is a convenient measure of acidity 40
Many predictions can be tested by experiment 17 Buffers minimize pH change 40
Researchers must avoid bias 18 An acid and a base react to form a salt 41
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