Biological wastewater treatment processes: mass and heat balances

486 Pages·2017·19.65 MB·English

Biological Wastewater
Treatment Processes
Mass and Heat Balances

Biological Wastewater
Treatment Processes
Mass and Heat Balances
Davide Dionisi
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2017 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Printed on acid-free paper
Version Date: 20161208
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4822-2926-4 (Hardback)
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable
efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot
assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and
publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication
and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any
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Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data
Names: Dionisi, Davide, author.
Title: Biological wastewater treatment processes : mass and heat balances /
Davide Dionisi.
Description: Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2017.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016030054 | ISBN 9781482229264 (hardback)
Subjects: LCSH: Sewage--Purification--Biological treatment--Mathematical
models.
Classification: LCC TD755 .D567 2017 | DDC 628.3/5--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016030054
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
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To Luca and Valerio
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2017 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Printed on acid-free paper
Version Date: 20161208
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4822-2926-4 (Hardback)
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable
efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot
assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and
publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication
and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any
copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any
future reprint.
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced,
transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or
hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information stor-
age or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers.
For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copy-
right.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222
Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that pro-
vides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photo-
copy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged.
Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are
used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
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Contents
Preface, xiii
About the Author, xvii
Chapter 1 ◾ Biological Wastewater Treatment Processes 1
1.1 POLLUTING PARAMETERS IN WASTEWATERS 1
1.2 COD AND BOD 3
1.2.1 COD 4
1.2.2 BOD 5
1.2.3 The COD Balance 7
1.3 THE ROLE OF BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES
IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT 12
1.4 MICROORGANISMS’ GROWTH ON SUBSTRATES 13
1.5 OTHER PHENOMENA OCCURRING IN BIOLOGICAL
WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROCESSES 15
1.5.1 Hydrolysis of Slowly Biodegradable Substrates 15
1.5.2 Endogenous Metabolism and Maintenance 16
1.6 ANAEROBIC DIGESTION MODEL 17
1.7 PROCESS SCHEMES FOR BIOLOGICAL
WASTEWATER TREATMENT 18
1.7.1 Activated Sludge Processes 18
1.7.2 Sequencing Batch Reactor 22
1.7.3 Attached Growth Processes 23
vii
viii ◾ Contents
1.7.4 Anaerobic Digestion 25
1.7.5 The SHARON® and Anammox Processes 27
1.8 GENERAL ASSUMPTIONS MADE IN THIS BOOK 28
1.9 KEY POINTS 29
Chapter 2 ◾ Modelling Processes in Biological Wastewater
Treatment 33
2.1 MICROBIAL GROWTH 33
2.1.1 Stoichiometry 35
2.1.1.1 Stoichiometry of Anabolism 36
2.1.1.2 Stoichiometry of Catabolism 42
2.1.1.3 Overall Growth Stoichiometry 44
2.1.2 Kinetics 55
2.1.2.1 Microbial Growth 55
2.1.2.2 Hydrolysis of Slowly Biodegradable
Substrates 60
2.1.2.3 Endogenous Metabolism 62
2.1.2.4 Values of the Kinetic Parameters 63
2.1.3 Overall Rate Equations for Generation and
Removal of Substrates and Products 64
2.1.3.1 Use of the COD Balance for the
Calculation of the Rate Equations 71
2.2 MASS TRANSFER 75
2.2.1 Correlations for the Mass Transfer Coefficients 79
2.2.2 Power and Efficiency for Aerators 81
2.3 pH CALCULATION 82
2.3.1 pH Buffers 85
2.3.2 Equilibrium of Carbonic Acid 87
2.3.3 Alkalinity 89
2.3.4 Acidic Wastewaters 97
2.4 SETTLING 100
2.4.1 Filamentous Bulking 105
Contents ◾ ix
2.5 HEAT GENERATION AND HEAT TRANSFER 107
2.5.1 Heat Generation 107
2.5.2 Heat Transfer 113
2.6 REMOVAL OF XENOBIOTICS IN BIOLOGICAL
PROCESSES 118
2.6.1 Biodegradation 118
2.6.2 Adsorption 119
2.6.3 Stripping 120
2.7 KEY POINTS 121
Chapter 3 ◾ Mass Balances, Energy Balances and
Parameter Estimation 125
3.1 MASS BALANCES 125
3.1.1 Mass Balances in Batch Reactors 125
3.1.2 Mass Balances in Continuous Reactors 139
3.2 ENTHALPY BALANCES 141
3.2.1 Enthalpy Balances for Batch Systems 141
3.2.2 Enthalpy Balances for Continuous Systems 152
3.3 PARAMETER ESTIMATION 157
3.3.1 Estimation of the Endogenous Metabolism
Coefficient b by Batch Tests 158
3.3.2 Estimation of Kinetic Parameters on a Readily
Biodegradable Substrate by Batch Tests 159
3.3.2.1 Intermittent Aeration Procedure 161
3.3.2.2 Continuous Aeration Procedure 165
3.3.3 Estimation of Kinetic Parameters with a Real
Wastewater by Batch Tests 167
3.3.4 Estimation of Kinetic Parameters on Readily
Biodegradable Substrates by Continuous Reactors 169
3.3.5 Estimation of Kinetic Parameters under Anoxic
Conditions 171
3.3.6 Estimation of Kinetic Parameters for Anaerobic
Microorganisms 174
3.4 KEY POINTS 177