Biological Thermodynamics

397 Pages·2001·2.597 MB·English

by  Donald T. Haynie

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Biological Thermodynamics
Biological Thermodynamics provides an introduction to the study of energy
transformation in the biological sciences. Don Haynie uses an informal
writingstyletodiscussthiscoresubjectinawaywhichwillappealtothe
interestsandneedsofundergraduatestudentsofbiologyandbiochemistry.
Theemphasisthroughoutthetextisonunderstandingbasicconceptsand
developingproblem-solvingskills,butmathematicaldifficultyiskepttoa
minimum.Eachchaptercomprisesnumerousexamplestakenfromdiffer-
entareasofbiochemistry,aswellasabroadrangeofexercisesandlistof
references for further study. Topics covered include energy and its trans-
formation, the First Law of Thermodynamics, the Second Law of
Thermodynamics,Gibbsfreeenergy,statisticalthermodynamics,binding
equilibria,reactionkinetics,andasurveyofthemostexcitingareasofbio-
logicalthermodynamicstoday,particularlytheoriginoflife.
DonHayniehasaB.S.inphysics(SouthFlorida)andaPh.D.inbiophysics
(Biocalorimetry Center, The Johns Hopkins University). Following post-
doctoralresearchinphysicalbiochemistryattheUniversityofOxford,he
tookupalectureshipinbiochemistryintheDepartmentofBiomolecular
SciencesattheUniversityofManchesterInstituteofScienceandTechnology
(UMIST),UK.Hehastaughtthermodynamics,tobiology,biochemistry,and
engineeringstudentsatJohnsHopkinsandUMIST,andatLouisianaTech
University, where he is now Associate Professor in the Institute for
Micromanufacturing.

BiologicalThermodynamics
Donald T. Haynie
         
The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom
  
The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK
40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011-4211, USA
477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia
Ruiz de Alarcón 13, 28014 Madrid, Spain
Dock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africa
http://www.cambridge.org
©Cambridge University Press 2004
First published in printed format 2001
ISBN 0-511-03157-2 eBook (Adobe Reader)
ISBN 0-521-79165-0 hardback
ISBN 0-521-79549-4 paperback
First published 2001
Reprinted 2003
Formygreat-grandfather
JOSEPH RAFFEL
mygrandmother
HELENE MINDER
andmyfriend
BUD HERSCHEL
Thetroublewithsimplethingsisthatonemustunderstandthemverywell
anonymous
Contents
Preface pagexi
Chapter1 Energytransformation
A. Introduction 1
B. Distributionofenergy 5
C. System,boundary,andsurroundings 8
D. Animalenergyconsumption 11
E. Carbon,energy,andlife 14
F. Referencesandfurtherreading 15
G. Exercises 16
Chapter2 TheFirstLawofThermodynamics
A. Introduction 21
B. Internalenergy 24
C. Work 26
D. TheFirstLawinoperation 29
E. Enthalpy 32
F. Standardstate 35
G. Someexamplesfrombiochemistry 36
H. Heatcapacity 40
I. Energyconservationinthelivingorganism 43
J. Referencesandfurtherreading 43
K. Exercises 45
Chapter3 TheSecondLawofThermodynamics
A. Introduction 49
B. Entropy 52
C. Heatengines 56
D. Entropyoftheuniverse 59
E. Isothermalsystems 60
F. Proteindenaturation 62
G. TheThirdLawandbiology 63
H. Irreversibilityandlife 64
I. Referencesandfurtherreading 67
J. Exercises 69
Chapter4 Gibbsfreeenergy–theory
A. Introduction 73
B. Equilibrium 76
C. Reversibleprocesses 80
D. Phasetransitions 82
E. Chemicalpotential 85
viii CONTENTS
F. Effectofsolutesonboilingpointsandfreezingpoints 89
G. Ionicsolutions 90
H. Equilibriumconstant 93
I. Standardstateinbiochemistry 96
J. EffectoftemperatureonK 98
eq
K. Acidsandbases 100
L. Chemicalcoupling 102
M. Redoxreactions 104
N Referencesandfurtherreading 108
O. Exercises 110
Chapter5 Gibbsfreeenergy–applications
A. Introduction 119
B. Photosynthesis,glycolysis,andthecitricacidcycle 119
C. OxidativephosphorylationandATPhydrolysis 123
D. Substratecycling 129
E. Osmosis 130
F. Dialysis 136
G. Donnanequilibrium 139
H. Membranetransport 140
I. Enzyme–substrateinteraction 144
J. Molecularpharmacology 146
K. Hemoglobin 151
L. Enzyme-linkedimmunosorbentassay(ELISA) 154
M. DNA 155
N. Polymerasechainreaction(PCR) 159
O. Freeenergyoftransferofaminoacids 161
P. Proteinsolubility 163
Q. Proteinstability 165
R. Proteindynamics 171
S. Non-equilibriumthermodynamicsandlife 173
T. Referencesandfurtherreading 174
U. Exercises 178
Chapter6 Statisticalthermodynamics
A. Introduction 185
B. Diffusion 188
C. Boltzmanndistribution 192
D. Partitionfunction 198
E. Analysisofthermodynamicdata 200
F. Multistateequilibria 204
G. Proteinheatcapacityfunctions 209
H. Cooperativetransitions 210
I. ‘Interaction’freeenergy 212
J. Helix–coiltransitiontheory 214
K. Referencesandfurtherreading 217
L. Exercises 220