Biological Soil Crusts: An Organizing Principle in Drylands

540 Pages·2016·14.651 MB·English

by  Bettina Weber, Burkhard Büdel, Jayne Belnap (eds.)

Ecological Studies 226
Bettina Weber
Burkhard Büdel
Jayne Belnap Editors
Biological Soil
Crusts: An
Organizing
Principle in
Drylands
Ecological Studies
Analysis and Synthesis
Volume 226
SeriesEditors
MartynM.Caldwell
Logan,Utah,USA
SandraD´ıaz
Cordoba,Argentina
GerhardHeldmaier
Marburg,Germany
RobertB.Jackson
Durham,NorthCarolina,USA
OttoL.Lange
Wu¨rzburg,Germany
DelphisF.Levia
Newark,Delaware,USA
HaroldA.Mooney
Stanford,California,USA
Ernst-DetlefSchulze
Jena,Germany
UlrichSommer
Kiel,Germany
Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/86
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Bettina Weber • Burkhard Bu¨del • Jayne Belnap
Editors
Biological Soil Crusts:
An Organizing Principle
in Drylands
Editors
BettinaWeber BurkhardBu¨del
MultiphaseChemistryDepartment PlantEcologyandSystematics
MaxPlanckInstituteforChemistry DepartmentofBiology
Mainz,Germany UniversityofKaiserslautern
Kaiserslautern,Germany
JayneBelnap
SouthwestBiologicalScienceCenter
U.S.GeologicalSurvey
Moab,Utah
USA
Additionalmaterialtothisbookcanbedownloadedfromhttp://extras.springer.com.
ISSN0070-8356 ISSN2196-971X (electronic)
EcologicalStudies
ISBN978-3-319-30212-6 ISBN978-3-319-30214-0 (eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-3-319-30214-0
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016941282
©SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland(outsidetheUSA)2016
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Preface
Duringthelastdecades,andprobablyatleastpartlytriggeredbythefirstEcological
Studies volume on this topic (volume 150), biological soil crusts (biocrusts) have
quicklygainedincreasinginterestfrommanyaudiences,withwellabove100pub-
licationsperyearpublishedduringthelastfewyears.Thus,wefoundthatthereis
nowawealthofnewdatacoveringawiderangeofdifferenttopicsonbiocrustsand
showing that biocrusts can act as “an organizing principle in drylands.” This
observation inspired us to use this as the title of this second Ecological Studies
volume.Thisbookisdividedintosevensectionscomprisingatotalof25different
chapters.
Whenweselectedtheauthorsforthedifferentchapters,wehadtwointentionsin
ourmind.Onewastoincludemanyscientistsfromasmanyregionsoftheworldas
possible, who also used different methodological approaches in order to get a
thoroughandcomprehensiveviewonthedifferenttopics.Second,wealsowanted
togetagoodmixtureofyoungerandwell-establishedresearchers.Withatotalof
61 chapter authors and 28 of them being in the doctoral, postdoc, or associate
professor stage, ~46 % of the book authors are in a nonfinal/early stage of their
career.
Thissecondbookonbiologicalsoilcrustswouldnothavebeenpossiblewithout
thehelpofsomepeopleinparticular,whomwewouldliketothankhere:firstofall,
we would like to express our sincere thanks to Otto L. Lange, who gave us the
opportunity to be editors of this book, who strongly supported us throughout the
whole process of development, from the first ideas to the final editions, and who
read and gave highly productive feedback to every single chapter of this book.
Thank you so much! Second, we also would like to thank all the authors who
contributedtothebook.Wearewellawareofthefactthatwesometimesaskedfor
ratherprofoundandtime-consumingchangesduringthedevelopmentofthebook
chapters.Despitethis,allauthorsremainedhighlycooperativeandmotivated,afact
which cannot be taken for granted and which we deeply appreciate. Third, we
wouldliketoexpressoursincerethankstoDr.AndreaSchlitzberger,whocoordi-
natedthisbiocrustbookforSpringer.Shealwayswasextremelypatientandhelped
v
vi Preface
usimmediatelyuponallsmallerandlargerproblems,anditreallywasapleasureto
work with her. Fourth, we want to thank our supervisors and colleagues, who
allowed ustospend somuchtime andenergyonthisbookandwhobelievedthat
intheend,wewouldproduceaworthwhilebookthatwouldadvancethisscientific
field.Finally,wealsowouldliketoexpressoursincerethankstoourfamiliesand
partners for their tolerance and support during the endeavor of this second
biocrustbook.
We sincerely hope this book will help many scientists, land managers, policy
makers, and also the environmentally interested public, to receive an overall
introduction into the fascinating world of biocrusts and that it will foster many
new ideas andscientific projects. Ourgoal is reached if thisbooksupports under-
standingoftheoverallroleofbiocrustsasanorganizingprincipleindrylands.
Mainz,Germany BettinaWeber
Kaiserslautern,Germany BurkhardBu¨del
Moab,UT,UnitedStates JayneBelnap
Contents
PartI Introduction
1 BiologicalSoilCrustsasanOrganizingPrincipleinDrylands. . . . 3
JayneBelnap,BettinaWeber,andBurkhardBu¨del
2 HowBiologicalSoilCrustsBecameRecognizedasaFunctional
Unit:ASelectiveHistory. . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. 15
OttoL.LangeandJayneBelnap
PartII Morphology,Composition,andDistributionofBiological
SoilCrustsatDifferentScales
3 TerrestrialEcosystemsinthePrecambrian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
HugoBeraldi-CampesiandGregoryJ.Retallack
4 CyanobacteriaandAlgaeofBiologicalSoilCrusts. . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
BurkhardBu¨del,TamaraDulic´,TatyanaDarienko,NataliyaRybalka,
andThomasFriedl
5 BacteriaandNon-lichenizedFungiWithinBiological
SoilCrusts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
StefanieMaier,LuciaMuggia,CherylR.Kuske,andMartinGrube
6 BryophytesWithinBiologicalSoilCrusts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
RodneyD.Seppelt,AlisonJ.Downing,KirstenK.Deane-Coe,
YuanmingZhang,andJingZhang
7 Structure,Composition,andFunctionofBiocrustLichen
Communities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
RogerRosentreter,DavidJ.Eldridge,MartinWestberg,
LauraWilliams,andMartinGrube
8 MicrofaunaWithinBiologicalSoilCrusts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
BrianJ.DarbyandDeborahA.Neher
vii
viii Contents
9 CompositionandMacrostructureofBiologicalSoilCrusts. . . . . . . 159
ClaudiaColesie,VincentJohnMartinNoahLinusFelde,
andBurkhardBu¨del
10 ControlsonDistributionPatternsofBiologicalSoilCrusts
atMicro-toGlobalScales. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
MatthewA.Bowker,JayneBelnap,BurkhardBu¨del,
ChristopheSannier,NicolePietrasiak,DavidJ.Eldridge,
andV´ıctorRivera-Aguilar
11 HypolithicCommunities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
StephenB.Pointing
12 RemoteSensingofBiologicalSoilCrustsatDifferentScales. . . . . 215
BettinaWeberandJoachimHill
PartIII FunctionalRolesofBiologicalSoilCrusts
13 MicrostructureandWeatheringProcessesWithinBiological
SoilCrusts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
FerranGarcia-Pichel,VincentJohnMartinNoahLinusFelde,
SylvieLaureenDrahorad,andBettinaWeber
14 PatternsandControlsonNitrogenCyclingofBiological
SoilCrusts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
NicholeN.Barger,BettinaWeber,FerranGarcia-Pichel,
EliZaady,andJayneBelnap
15 CarbonBudgetsofBiologicalSoilCrustsatMicro-,Meso-,and
GlobalScales. .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. 287
LeopoldoG.Sancho,JayneBelnap,ClaudiaColesie,JoseRaggio,
andBettinaWeber
16 BiologicalSoilCrustsasSoilStabilizers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
JayneBelnapandBurkhardBu¨del
17 TheRoleofBiocrustsinAridLandHydrology. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 321
SoniaChamizo,JayneBelnap,DavidJ.Eldridge,YolandaCant(cid:1)on,
andOumarouMalamIssa
18 PhysiologyofPhotosyntheticOrganismsWithinBiologicalSoil
Crusts:TheirAdaptation,Flexibility,andPlasticity. . . . . . . . . . . . 347
T.G.AllanGreenandMichaelC.F.Proctor
PartIV InteractionsBetweenBiologicalSoilCrustsandVascular
Plants
19 InteractionsofBiologicalSoilCrustswithVascularPlants. . . . . . . 385
YuanmingZhang,AsaL.Aradottir,MarceloSerpe,
andBertrandBoeken
Contents ix
20 BiologicalSoilCrustsasaModelSysteminEcology. . . . . . . . . . . 407
FernandoT.Maestre,MatthewA.Bowker,DavidJ.Eldridge,
JordiCortina,RobertoLa´zaro,AntonioGallardo,
ManuelDelgado-Baquerizo,MiguelBerdugo,
AndreaP.Castillo-Monroy,andEnriqueValencia
PartV ThreatstoBiologicalSoilCrusts
21 EffectsofLocal-ScaleDisturbanceonBiocrusts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
EliZaady,DavidJ.Eldridge,andMatthewA.Bowker
22 BiocrustsintheContextofGlobalChange. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451
SashaC.Reed,FernandoT.Maestre,Rau´lOchoa-Hueso,
CherylR.Kuske,AnthonyDarrouzet-Nardi,MelOliver,BrianDarby,
LeopoldoG.Sancho,RobertL.Sinsabaugh,andJayneBelnap
PartVI NaturalandEnhancedRecoveryandManagement
23 NaturalRecoveryofBiologicalSoilCrustsAfterDisturbance. . . . 479
BettinaWeber,MattBowker,YuanmingZhang,andJayneBelnap
24 EnhancedRecoveryofBiologicalSoilCrustsAfterDisturbance. . . 499
YungeZhao,MatthewA.Bowker,YuanmingZhang,andEliZaady
PartVII FutureResearchonBiologicalSoilCrusts
25 SynthesisonBiologicalSoilCrustResearch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527
BettinaWeber,JayneBelnap,andBurkhardBu¨del
TaxonomicIndex. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535
SubjectIndex. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543