Biological Regulation and Development: Hormone Action

354 Pages·1982·9.379 MB·English

by  Abraham White, Rachmiel Levine (auth.), Robert F. Goldberger, Keith R. Yamamoto (eds.)

Biological Regulation
and Developll1ent
\blulne ai\
Honnone Action
Biological Regulation and Development
Series Editor
ROBERT F. GOLDBERGER, Columbia University
Editorial Board
BRUCE M. ALBERTS, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, UniveTSlty of California,
San Francisco, School of Medicine
PAUL BERG, Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University Medical Center
LEROY E. HOOD, Biology Department, California Institute rif Technology
PHILIP LEDER, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Child Health
and Human Development
KIVIE MOLDAVE, Department of Biological Chemistry, California College rif Medicine,
University of California, Irvine
ROBERT T. SCHIMKE, Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University
KEITH R. Y AMAM OTO, Department rif Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California,
San Francisco, School of Medicine
Volume 1 GENE EXPRESSION
Volume 2 MOLECULAR ORGANIZATION AND CELL FUNCTION
Volume 3A HORMONE ACTION
A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring delivery of each new
volume immediately upon publication. Volumes are billed only upon actual shipment. For further information
please contact the publisher.
Biological Regulation
and Development
Volume3A
Hormone Action
Edited by
Robert F. Goldberger
Columbia University
New York, New York
and
Keith R.Yamamoto
University of California, San Francisco
San Francisco, California
SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, LLC
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
Hormone action.
(Biological regulation and development; v. 3A)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Hormones - Physiological effect. 2. Metabolic regulation. 1. Goldberger, Robert
F. II. Yamamoto, Keith. III. Series.
QP571.H6541982 599.01'42 82-9841
ISBN 978-1-4684-1127-0 ISBN 978-1-4684-1125-6 (eBook) AACR2
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4684-1125-6
© 1982 Springer Science+Business Media New York
Originally published byPlenum Press. New York in 1982
Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover lst edition 1982
AII rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted,
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
Contributors
Jacob j. Blum Bruce S. McEwen
Department of Physiology Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology
Duke University Medical Center The Rockefeller University
Durham, North Carolina 27710 New York, New York 10021
Gregory P. Mueller
Douglas M. Fambrough
Department of Physiology
Department of Embryology
Uniformed Services University of the
Carnegie Institution of Washington
Health Sciences
Baltimore, Maryland 21210
School of Medicine
Bethesda, Maryland 20014
John M. Gardner
Department of Embryology Garth L. Nicolson
Carnegie Institution of Washington Department of Tumor Biology
Baltimore, Maryland 21210 University of Texas System Cancer
Center
M. D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor
Institute
[vor M. D. Jackson
Houston, Texas 77030
Division of Endocrinology, Department
of Medicine
Tufts University School of Medicine
Lawrence G. Palmer
and New England Medical Center
Department of Biochemistry
Hospital Columbia University College of
Boston, Massachusetts 02111
Physicians & Surgeons
New York, New York 10032
Present address: Department of
Rachmiel Levine Physiology
City of Hope Medical Center Cornell University Medical College
Duarte, California 91010 New York, New York 10021
v
Vi Robert B. Stein Abraham White (deceased)
Department of Physiology Institute of Biological Sciences
CONTRIBUTORS
Duke University Medical Center Syntex Research
Durham, North Carolina 27710 Palo Alto, California
and Department of Biochemistry
Ann Taylor Stanford University School of Medicine
Department of Physiology Stanford, California 94305
Cornell University Medical College
New York, New York 10021 Francis Eugene Yates
Present address: Laboratory of Crump Institute for Medical
Physiology Engineering
Oxford University University of California
Oxford, England Los Angeles, California 90024
Preface
The motivation for us to conceive this series of volumes on regulation was mainly our belief
that it would be fun, and at the same time productive, to approach the subject in a way
that differs from that of other treatises. We thought it might be interesting and instructive
for both author and reader-to examine a particular area of investigation in a framework
of many different problems. Cutting across the traditional boundaries that have separated
the subjects in past volumes on regulation is not an easy thing to do-not because it is
difficult to think of what interesting topics should replace the old ones, but because it is
difficult to find authors who are willing to write about areas outside those pursued in their
own laboratories. Anyone who takes on the task of reviewing a broad area of interest must
weave together its various parts by picking up the threads from many different laboratories,
and attempt to produce a fabric with a meaningful design. Finding persons who are likely
to succeed in such a task was the most difficult part of our job.
In the first volume of this treatise, most of the chapters dealt with the mechanisms of
regulation of gene expression in microorganisms. The second volume involved a somewhat
broader area, spanning the prokaryotic-eukaryotic border. Topics ranged from phage
morphogenesis to the role of gradients in development. This third volume-Volume 3A
concerns hormones, as does the forthcoming companion volume-Volume 3B. In dealing
with hormones, the usual temptation for an editor is to solicit chapters on individual hor
mones or on individual organs that produce or respond to hormones. In this treatise we
have instead tried to deal with hormones in terms of the interesting questions they pose and
the biological principles they illustrate.
For many of the chapters in this volume, publication comes rather a long time after
their original submission. This is in a large part due to an extensive editing and rewriting
of chapters, which we hope will prove to have been worthwhile. We intended in any case
that these chapters present organized concepts rather than the details of the very latest
experiments. But we also must apologize to the authors who may have found that they
were in for a lot more work-and a longer delay-than they had anticipated.
Bruce M. Alberts Philip Leder
Paul Berg Kivie Moldave
Robert F. Goldberger Robert T. Schimke
Leroy E. Hood Keith R. Yamamoto
Vll
Contents
1 History of Hormones
ABRAHAM WHITE AND RACHMIEL LEVINE
1 Scope of the Chapter ............................................. .
2 Development of the Concepts of Endocrine Glands, Internal Secretions, and
Hormones. . .... . ..... .... .. . . . ... . . .... ......... ....... . ....... 2
3 Influence of Clinical Observations on the Physiological Exploration of
Endocrine Glands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
4 Criteria for Establishing the Endocrine and Hormonal Functions of an
Anatomical Structure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
5 The Thyroid and Its Historical Significance ........................... 8
5.1 Animal Experimentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
5.2 Replacement Therapy ....................................... 9
5.3 Chemical Investigations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
6 Interrelationships among the Endocrine Glands: Development of the Concept
of an Endocrine System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
7 Neuroendocrine Interrelationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
8 Feedback Control of Hormone Secretion: Autoregulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
9 A "New" Endocrine Gland: The Thymus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
10 The Dispersed or Diffuse Endocrine Systems .......... . . . . . . . . . . 18
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2 Systems Analysis of Hormone Action: Principles and Strategies
FRANCIS EUGENE YATES
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2 Preliminaries-Systems Analysis in Engineering. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.1 What Is Systems Analysis? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 26
2.2 Mathematical Possibility, Physical Possibility, and Actuality. . . . . . . . . 28
IX
x 2.3 Enrichment by Constraints. 28
2.4 Regulation, Control, and Negative Feedback .. 29
CONTENTS
2.5 Successful Applications of Engineering Systems Analysis in Biology 33
3 Philosophical Foundations of the Study of Complex Systems 34
3.1 Complexity ......... . 34
3.2 Determinism versus Indeterminacy of Biological Processes. 35
3.3 Reductionism ................... . 36
3.4 Hierarchies ....... . 37
3.5 Reduction of Boundary Conditions ......... . ........ . 38
3.6 Laws, Rules, and Nonholonomic Constraints ....... . 39
3.7 Complementarity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ..... . 41
3.8 Informational and Dynamic Complementary Modes of Complex
Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ . 42
3.9 Summary: Epistemological Position of This Analysis .. 44
4 The Physics of Complex Systems . 45
4.1 Thermodynamics and Mechanics .. 46
4.2 Dissipative Structures. . ..... . 47
4.3 Homeokinetics ........... . 48
4.4 Thermodynamics and Life: Dissipative Structures Theory and
Homeokinetics Compared. . .......................... . 49
4.5 Physics and Historicity. . ....... . 51
4.6 The Physics of Life-A Synthesis. 52
5 The Integrated, Coherent Metabolic System 54
5.1 Power, Information, and Coupling ........... . 55
5.2 Goals of the Metabolic System. . . ..... . 56
5.3 Space, Time, and Energy Scales of Man ..................... . 56
5.4 A "Zoom-Lens" Tour through the Behavior, Organ System Physiology,
Cell Biology, and Molecular Biology of a Human Individual 58
5.5 First Focus: Ingestive and Other Behaviors ....... . 58
5.6 Second Focus: Organ System Metabolic Network .... . 59
5.7 Third Focus: Specific Organ Power Fluxes .. 59
5.8 Fourth Focus: Metabolic Intracellular Power Plant .. 61
5.9 Fifth Focus: Membrane Power Plants-Ion and Substrate Pumps 63
5.10 Sixth Focus: Individual, Sculptable, Multisubunit Proteins 65
5.11 Conclusion of the "Zoom-Lens" Tour: The Coupling of Information to
Power at Every Level . . . . . ...... . 67
5.12 Signal Transduction: A Second Tour of Cell Biology. 67
5.13 Second Stage Signal Transduction . 73
5.14 Structure-Function, Information-Power Converge in One Microscopic
System .. 74
5.15 Summary of the Problem .................. . 75
6 Dynamics of Metabolism: Homeokinetic Analysis .. 76
6.1 Time, Biochemistry, and Physics . 76
6.2 Origins of Time ....... . 76
6.3 Engineering Systems Analysis of Metabolism . 77
6.4 Homeokinetic Aspects of Metabolism 77
6.5 The 18 Predictions. 77
6.6 Correspondences between Predictions and Facts. 79
6.7 Metabolic Power Spectrum .. 79
7 Linguistic Analysis of the Metabolic System .......... . 81 Xl
7.1 Languages and Information . . . . .......... . 81
CONTENTS
7.2 Is the Genetic Code Arbitrary? Is Genetic Information Only Structure? 83
7.3 Successive Selections and Reliability ...... . 84
7.4 Chemical Languages. . . . ................. . 85
7.5 Signals and Symbols. . ........................ . 86
7.6 How Much Information from the Outside Do Cells Need? 87
7.7 The Languages of Metabolism. 88
7.8 Growth Factors. . .............. . 90
7.9 Summary. 90
7.1 0 Conclusion 91
References .. 91
3 On the Analysis of Metabolic Networks
JACOB J. BLUM AND ROBERT B. STEIN
1 Is Quantitative Analysis of Metabolic Networks Necessary? . 99
2 Formal Aspects of Network Analysis 100
2.1 Choice of Metabolic Scheme .......... . . . . . . . . 100
2.2 Equations Describing the Flow of Carbon and of Label in a Metabolic
Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
3 Steady-State Models . . . . . . . . . 103
3.1 Criteria for Steady State. . . . . . . . . . . . 103
3.2 Algebraic Manipulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 104
3.3 Choice of Measurements . . . . . . . . . 107
3.4 Experimental Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
3.5 Fitting the Data: Error Analysis and Uniqueness of Fit. 109
4 Examples of Metabolic Network Analysis in Isotopic Non-Steady-State
Systems ................... . . . . . . . 110
5 Examples of Analysis of Metabolic Networks under Isotopic and Metabolic
Steady-State Conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
5.1 The Glycolytic and Pentose Phosphate Pathways. 113
5.2 The Krebs Cycle and Associated Pathways. 114
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
4 Neuroendocrine Interrelationships
IVOR M. D. JACKSON AND GREGORY P. MUELLER
Introduction ......... . 127
2 Anatomic Localization of Hypothalamic Releasing Factors. 131
2.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . ........ . 131
2.2 Distribution of Releasing Factors within the Hypothalamus 131
2.3 Extrahypothalamic Distribution of Hypothalamic Releasing Factors. 132
3 Regulation of Hypothalamic Peptides ....... . 137
3.1 Hypothalamic Innervation. 137
3.2 Neurotransmitter Control of Hypophysiotropic Hormones:
Pharmacologic and Neurophysiologic Evidence .... 139