Biological Psychology

541 Pages·2017·178.253 MB·English

by  Kelly G. Lambert

Biological Psychology
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Biological Psychology
Kelly G. Lambert
New York Oxford
OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
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Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford.
It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research,
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Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press
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© 2018 by Oxford University Press
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Lambert, Kelly.
Title: Biological psychology / Kelly G. Lambert.
Description: New York : Oxford University Press, [2018] | Includes
bibliographical references.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016046060 (print) | LCCN 2016047113 (ebook) |
ISBN
9780199766109 (hardcover) | ISBN 9780190654498 (loosleaf) |
ISBN
9780190650322 (ebook)
Subjects:  LCSH: Psychobiology—Textbooks.
Classification: LCC QP360 .L357 2018 (print) | LCC QP360 (ebook)
| DDC
612.8—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016046060
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Printed by LSC Communications, United States of America
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Brief Contents
Preface xviii
PART I: THE BRAIN IN CONTEXT
1 Introduction to Biological Psychology 3
PART II: THE NERVOUS SYSTEM: ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS
2 The Nervous System: Structure and Function 31
3 Cells and Circuits 63
4 Neurochemistry, Neuropsychopharmacology, and Drug Addiction 89
5 Evolving Brains: Neural Development, Neuroplasticity, and Recovery of Function 121
PART III: THE NERVOUS SYSTEM: ESSENTIAL FUNCTIONS
6 Sensation, Perception, and Adaptation 151
7 Movement 187
8 Maintenance and Motivation 217
9 Sleep, Wakefulness, and Conscious Awareness 249
PART IV: NEUROBIOLOGY IN ACTION
10 Emotional Expression and Regulation 281
11 Affiliative and Reproductive Strategies 309
12 Learning, Memory, and Decision Making 339
13 Mental Illness 373
Epilogue: Expanding the Contextual Boundaries of Biopsychology 405
Appendix: Major Research Methods in This Text 415
Glossary 417
References 437
Credits 479
Name Index 484
Subject Index 496
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Contents
Preface xviii
PART I: THE BRAIN IN CONTEXT
1
Introduction to Biological Psychology 3
Brain Scene Investigation: Establishing Relevant Biopsychological Context 4
Darwin’s Observations and the Importance of Variations in
Environmental Contexts 4
Explorations of Environmental Context in the Laboratory and Beyond 7
The Context Conundrum 8
The Importance of Context in Biopsychological Research 10
Environmental Context 10
EXTERNAL CONDITIONS 10
INTERNAL CONDITIONS 11
Experiential Context 12
PAST EVENTS 12
FUTURE AND ANTICIPATED EVENTS 12
Pioneers in Brain Research 13
The Genetics Story: From Gemmules to Genomes 15
The Components of Heredity 15
From Genes to Behavior 18
The Tools of Biological Psychology: Classic and Contemporary Methods 20
Human Research Methods 20
Case Studies 21
Experimental Studies 21
Electroencephalography 21
Neuroimaging 23
Animal Research Methods 24
Lesion Methods and Brain-Stimulation Techniques 25
Genetic Engineering 26
Behavioral Tests 26
Field Research 27
Evaluation of Research Outcomes 27
vi
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Contents vii
Conclusion 28
Key Terms 28
Review Questions 29
Critical-Thinking Questions 29
PART II: THE NERVOUS SYSTEM: ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS
2
The Nervous System: Structure and Function 31
Brain Scene Investigation: David Blaine’s Breath-Defying Act 31
The Building Blocks of the Nervous System 33
Neurons 33
Glial Cells 36
Divisions of Labor in the Nervous System 37
Evolutionary Considerations 38
The Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System 38
Further Divisions of the PNS 39
CONTEXT MATTERS: Friends, Marathons, and New Neurons 44
The Brain’s Geography 46
The Hindbrain (Myelencephalon and Metencephalon) 46
The Midbrain (Mesencephalon) 48
The Forebrain (Diencephalon and Telencephalon) 49
Diencephalon 49
Telencephalon: Subcortical Systems (Basal Ganglia and Limbic System) 50
Telencephalon: The Cerebral Cortex 51
Taking Sides: Brain Lateralization 53
CNS Security Systems 55
Cerebrospinal Fluid and the Ventricular System 55
Internal and External Surveillance Systems 55
The Stress Response 56
The Immune System 56
LABORATORY EXPLORATION: The Brain in Technicolor 59
Conclusion 60
Key Terms 60
Review Questions 61
Critical-Thinking Questions 61
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viii Contents
3
Cells and Circuits 63
Brain Scene Investigation: Intuition, Hunches, and Self-Awareness:
Potential Role of von Economo Neurons? 63
Neurons: Structure and Function 65
The Neuron’s Microstructure 65
CONTEXT MATTERS: Social Distress and Neuronal Connections 67
The Neuron’s Resting Membrane Potential 69
The Action Potential 70
Synaptic Transmission 73
Neurons and Glial Cells: Collaborations 77
Lessons from Epilepsy: Neural Transmission in Review 78
Potential Mechanisms of Changes in Neural Excitability 78
Potential Mechanisms of Synchronization 78
Research with Animal Models 79
Treatment of Epilepsy 79
Mirror Neurons, Specialized Neural Circuits, and Investigations into Autism
Spectrum Disorder 79
LABORATORY EXPLORATION: Altering Brain Functioning with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation 84
Conclusion 85
Key Terms 86
Review Questions 87
Critical-Thinking Questions 87
4
Neurochemistry, Neuropsychopharmacology, and Drug Addiction 89
Brain Scene Investigation: Methamphetamine “Tweaks” the Brain 89
Neurotransmitters: A Brief Introduction 91
Monoamine Neurotransmitters 91
Amino Acid Neurotransmitters 92
Peptide Neurotransmitters 93
Other Neurotransmitters 93
Overview of Neuro psychopharmacology 94
Major Goals of Neuropsycho pharmacological Research 95
Development of New Drugs for Specific Symptoms: A Thought Experiment 96
Psychoactive Drugs: Precursors to Drug Addiction 98
CNS Stimulants 98
Caffeine 98
Nicotine 99
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Contents ix
Cocaine 101
Amphetamine and MDMA 102
CNS Depressants: Alcohol 102
Analgesics: Opium 104
Hallucinogens: LSD 105
A Drug with Diverse CNS Effects: Cannabis 106
Drug Addiction 108
Stages of the Addiction Cycle 109
Binge/Intoxication Stage 110
Withdrawal/Negative Affect Stage 111
Preoccupation/Anticipation (Craving) Stage 112
CONTEXT MATTERS: Treating Cocaine Addiction with Environmental Enrichment 113
Addiction Therapies 115
LABORATORY EXPLORATION: A Nicotine Vaccine? 116
Conclusion 117
Key Terms 118
Review Questions 118
Critical-Thinking Questions 119
5
Evolving Brains: Neural Development, Neuroplasticity,
and Recovery of Function 121
Brain Scene Investigation: Traumatic Brain Injury and an Unlikely
Neurochemical Intervention 121
Building Brains 123
Recurring Evolutionary Themes 123
The Importance of Play Behavior in Developing Brains 124
Is the Human Brain Unique? 126
Epigenetics: How Lifestyles Influence Inheritance 130
Neural Development 132
A Brain Is Born: Neuroplasticity in Action 132
Fundamentals of Neurogenesis 135
The Human Adolescent Brain 136
The Aging Brain 138
CONTEXT MATTERS: Aging: Is It in Our Blood? 142
Recovering from Brain Injury 143
Damage Control in Injured Brains 143
A Case to Consider: Repetitive Head Injuries in Athletes 145
LABORATORY EXPLORATION: Behavioral Profiling and Genetic Engineering: In Search of Animal Models
for Autism Spectrum Disorder 147
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