Biological psychology PDF
Preview Biological psychology
‘Students worldwide will enjoy this text...a first choice for the next B generation of undergraduates studying biology and psychology.’ i Dr William Brown, University of East London o l o g 3rd edition Frederick Toates Assuming no prior knowledge of biology and building upon previous editions, i is a Professor of Biological Psychology 3rd edition uses everyday experiences to explain complex c Biological Psychology at concepts in an interesting and engaging way. This is complemented by a the Open University who range of inventive pedagogical features and extensive full-colour illustrations to a has 44 years experience stimulate interest and help students to develop and test their understanding. l of researching and teaching the subject Features P Biological across the UK, continental Europe and • Learning outcomes, section summaries and ‘test your knowledge’ questions s the USA. are included to aid the learning process and allow students to manage their y progress. • A dedicated feature on evolutionary psychology explains and explores this c Psychology topic in depth. h • Greater depth in neuroscience and its methods ensures students are o introduced to the debates within this topical area. l o W E B Go to www.pearsoned.co.uk/toates for accompanying video clips, interactions, animations, self-test questions and research updates to help g students consolidate their understanding and prepare for assessment. y Frederick Toates ‘Toates cleverly weaves in perspectives from evolutionary psychology and uses current and relevant real-life examples to illuminate key F points. ...should be at the top of any psychology student’s book list.’ r Dr Michelle Lee, Swansea University e d e ACCESS ‘Toates is an excellent teacher and a real authority in this area. r CODE INSIDE This textbook captures his knowledge and understanding, and his ic unlock valuable infectious love of the subject.’ k online learning resources Dr Graham Mitchell, The University of Northampton T o a t e s 3rd edition ‘Toates introduces the main topics of neuroscience in a beautifully simple yet highly informative manner... and I strongly recommend it in the study of biological psychology.’ www.pearson-books.com Dr Anna Scarnà, Oxford Brookes University CVR_TOAT4994_03_SE_CVR.indd 1 19/01/2011 11:51 We work with leading authors to develop the strongest educational materials in psychology, bringing cutting-edge thinking and best learning practice to a global market. Under a range of well-known imprints, including Prentice Hall, we craft high quality print and electronic publications that help readers to understand and apply their content, whether studying or at work. To find out more about the complete range of our publishing, please visit us on the World Wide Web at: www.pearsoned.co.uk. 3rd edition Biological Psychology Frederick Toates The Open University Pearson Education Limited Edinburgh Gate Harlow Essex CM20 2JE England and Associated Companies throughout the world Visit us on the World Wide Web at: www.pearsoned.co.uk First published 2001 Second edition 2007 Third edition 2011 © Pearson Education 2001, 2011 The right of Frederick Toates to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without either the prior written permission of the publisher or a licence permitting restricted copying in the United Kingdom issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. All trademarks used herein are the property of their respective owners. The use of any trademark in this text does not vest in the author or publisher any trademark ownership rights in such trademarks, nor does the use of such trademarks imply any affiliation with or endorsement of this book by such owners. ISBN: 978-0-273-73499-4 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Toates, F. M. (Frederick M.) Biological psychology / Frederick Toates. -- 3rd ed. p. cm. ISBN 978-0-273-73499-4 (pbk.) 1. Psychobiology. I. Title. QP306.T632 2011 612.8--dc22 2010046059 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 15 14 13 12 11 Typeset in 9/12pt Stone Serif by 30 Printed and bound by Rotolito Lombarda, Italy Brief contents Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Chapter 2 Genes, environment and evolution 20 Chapter 3 The nervous and endocrine systems 49 Chapter 4 How the cells of the nervous system work 82 Chapter 5 The brain: basics of structure and role 105 Chapter 6 Development and plasticity 150 Chapter 7 Sensory systems: general principles 184 Chapter 8 Vision 196 Chapter 9 The other sensory systems 224 Chapter 10 The control of movement 250 Chapter 11 Learning and memory 281 Chapter 12 Emotion 311 Chapter 13 Stress and coping 340 Chapter 14 Pain 363 Chapter 15 Motivation 383 Chapter 16 Feeding and drinking 409 Chapter 17 Sexual behaviour 440 Chapter 18 Drugs and addiction 467 Chapter 19 Sleep and waking 491 Chapter 20 Cognition and action 514 Chapter 21 Brains, minds and consciousness 546 Chapter 22 When things go wrong 563 Glossary 587 References 601 Index 648 ‘Professor of Biological Psychology Frederick Toates from The Open University has done the field an enormous service in the Third Edition of Biological Psychology. Students worldwide will enjoy this text as it sets a new benchmark for a life science approach to brain and behav- iour. The inclusion of evolutionary (both ultimate function and phylogeny), neurobiological and developmental perspectives on brain and behaviour make this textbook a first choice for the next generation of undergraduates studying biology and psychology.’ Dr William Brown, University of East London ‘Biological Psychology is the only biological text that places the physiology and and neuro- science of behaviour firmly in the broader context of psychology. Toates cleverly weaves in perspectives from evolutionary psychology and uses current and relevant real-life examples to illuminate key points. This updated and improved 3rd edition should be at the top of any psychology student’s book list.’ Dr Michelle Lee, Swansea University ‘Toates’ third edition is both readable and palatable. It arouses interest by focusing on the thought-provoking questions that arise within a study of biological psychology. The author’s conversational style is helpful as he talks the reader through the more straightforward and also the more conceptually demanding sections. Although accessible, the text provides a thorough account of key areas. It answers questions and stimulates interest. This up-to-date third edition retains the excellent pedagogical features of the previous edition. This is an enormously useful textbook. The author understands the problems, questions and fascina- tions of biological psychology students . Toates is an excellent teacher and a real authority in this area. This textbook captures his knowledge and understanding, and his infectious love of the subject.’ Dr Graham Mitchell, University of Northampton ‘If the processes of the mind and brain have baffled you, this book is the key to unlocking its mysteries. Toates introduces the main topics of neuroscience in a beautifully simple yet highly informative manner. Each topic is covered in a massively integrative way. This renders the text suitable for both students and lay readers, for both medics and psychologists, for both undergraduates and postgraduates. Chapters are hugely informative and achieve the perfect combination of presenting scientific findings and research with the author’s personal experience and good humour. This text is engaging at all times, and I strongly recommend it in the study of biological psychology. No stone is left unturned in the quest for understand- ing the brain.’ Dr Anna Scarnà, Oxford Brookes University Contents Preface xiii Summary of Chapter 2 47 Guided tour of the textbook and website xvi Further reading 48 Reviewers xx Answers 48 Acknowledgements xxi Chapter 3 The nervous and endocrine systems Chapter 1 introduction Introduction 50 Why should a psychologist be interested in biology? 2 What nervous systems do 51 The physiology of the body 5 Neurochemical actions at synapses 58 Some sources of understanding 7 Neurons: development and learning 61 The way of thinking of biological psychologists 11 Terminology and organization of the nervous system 63 Genes, development and learning 14 Hormones – the endocrine system 68 The comparative approach: psychology and ethology 15 The autonomic nervous system 73 Linking brains and minds 16 Bringing things together 80 Bringing things together 18 Summary of Chapter 3 81 Summary of Chapter 1 19 Further reading 81 Further reading 19 Answers 81 Answers 19 Chapter 4 How the cells of the nervous system work Chapter 2 Genes, environment and evolution Introduction 83 Introduction 21 The neuron as a typical cell 83 Principles of evolution 22 The neuron: an excitable cell 87 Processes controlling behaviour 24 Glial cells 91 Genes, replication and reproduction 28 The synapse and neurotransmitters 94 The process of inheritance 31 Alterations in synaptic strength 100 Genes, brains and behaviour 33 Bringing things together 103 Genes, learning and the environment 36 Summary of Chapter 4 104 Evolutionary psychology 39 Further reading 104 Depression: a case study 41 Answers 104 Bringing things together 47 viii CONTENTS Further reading 195 Chapter 5 T he brain: basics of Answers 195 structure and role Introduction 106 Chapter 8 Vision Describing the brain and finding your way around it 106 Relating structure to role: sensory and motor systems 114 Introduction 197 Emotion, regulation and motivation 122 Within the eye 198 Integration, reasoning, planning and anticipation 129 Basics of visual pathways 207 Comparative and evolutionary perspectives 130 Functional specialization: perception and action 211 Techniques for studying the brain 137 Functional specialization within perception 215 Bringing things together 148 Linking brain activity and conscious perception 219 Summary of Chapter 5 149 Bringing things together 222 Further reading 149 Summary of Chapter 8 223 Answers 149 Further reading 223 Answers 223 Chapter 6 D evelopment and plasticity Chapter 9 The other sensory systems Introduction 151 Conceptual issues in development 152 Introduction 225 The basic biology of nervous system development 156 Hearing 225 Development of neurons, neural systems and The vestibular system 231 behaviour 162 The somatosensory system 232 Hormones and development 167 Chemical senses – taste and smell 242 The brain: cognitive and social development 171 Bringing things together 249 Atypical development and health issues 174 Summary of Chapter 9 249 Ethology and a comparative perspective 176 Further reading 249 Change and plasticity in adults 178 Answers 249 Bringing things together 182 Summary of Chapter 6 183 Chapter 10 The control of Further reading 183 movement Answers 183 Introduction 251 Basics of control 252 Chapter 7 S ensory systems: How stability is maintained 256 general principles Muscles and motor neurons 259 Introduction 185 The control of skeletal muscle 262 Sensory systems and perception 186 The control of movement by the brain 266 General principles 190 From brain to motor neurons 274 Bringing things together 194 Motor imagery 276 Summary of Chapter 7 195 CONTENTS ix Development of motor systems 278 Brain mechanisms 352 Bringing things together 279 Depression 354 Summary of Chapter 10 279 Stress and the cardiovascular system 355 Further reading 280 Post-traumatic stress disorder 357 Answers 280 Influence of stress on the gut 358 Positive action for health 359 Chapter 11 Learning and Bringing things together 360 memory Summary of Chapter 13 361 Further reading 362 Introduction 282 Answers 362 The learning tradition 283 The memory tradition 293 Linking brains to evolution and function 302 Chapter 14 Pain Cellular mechanisms 304 Bringing things together 309 Introduction 364 Summary of Chapter 11 310 Adaptive value of pain 365 Further reading 310 Tissue damage and the sensory input side 366 Answers 310 The gate theory 368 Brain processes 370 Analgesia 372 Chapter 12 Emotion Some unusual types of pain 374 Cognitive and social factors: theory and therapy 378 Introduction 312 Bringing things together 381 The nature and function of emotion 313 Summary of Chapter 14 382 Some emotions and their triggers 319 Further reading 382 Feedback from the periphery 323 Answers 382 Role of brain regions 326 Neurochemicals 334 Some other effects of emotions 335 Chapter 15 Motivation Bringing things together 338 Summary of Chapter 12 338 Introduction 384 Further reading 339 Properties of motivation 386 Answers 339 The neuroscience of motivation 389 Temperature regulation 393 Social behaviour 396 Chapter 13 Stress and coping Aggression 399 Exploration 404 Introduction 341 Bringing things together 406 Characterizing stress 342 Summary of Chapter 15 407 Two neurohormonal systems 344 Further reading 408 Stressors, contexts and reactions 346 Answers 408 Stress and the immune system 349
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