Biological Psychology

626 Pages·2015·121.754 MB·English

by  James W. Kalat

12
Biological Psychology e
James W. Kalat
North Carolina State University
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Biological Psychology, Twelfth Edition © 2016, 2013, Cengage Learning
James W. Kalat
WCN: 02-200-203
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about the author
James W. Kalat (rhymes with ballot) is professor emeritus of psychology at
North Carolina State University, where he taught courses in introduction to
psychology and biological psychology from 1977 through 2012. Born in
1946, he received a BA summa cum laude from Duke University in 1968, and
a PhD in psychology from the University of Pennsylvania in 1971. He is also
the author of Introduction to Psychology (10th edition) and co-author with
Michelle Shiota of Emotion (2nd edition). In addition to textbooks, he has
written journal articles on taste-aversion learning, the teaching of psychology,
and other topics. He was twice the program chair for the annual convention
of the American Psychological Society, now named the Association for
Psychological Science. A remarried widower, he has three children, two stepsons,
and four grandchildren.
Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
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To my grandchildren.
Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
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Contents v
Brief Contents
Introduction
3
1 Nerve Cells and Nerve Impulses
15
2 synapses
39
3 anatomy and Research methods
65
4 Genetics, evolution, Development, and Plasticity
103
5 Vision
147
6 Other sensory systems
187
7 movement
227
8 Wakefulness and sleep
261
9 Internal Regulation
293
10 Reproductive Behaviors
325
11 emotional Behaviors
355
12 the Biology of learning and memory
391
13 Cognitive Functions
423
14 Psychological Disorders
465
A appendix a: Brief, Basic Chemistry
503
B appendix B: society for Neuroscience Policies on the Use of
animals and Human subjects in Research
509
v
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Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
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Contents
The Action Potential 29
The Molecular Basis of the Action Potential 29
Intro
The All-or-None Law 31
The Refractory Period 31
Propagation of the Action Potential 32
The Myelin Sheath and Saltatory Conduction 32
Local Neurons 34
overview and Major Issues
3 In ClosIng: Neurons and Messages 35
The Biological Approach to Behavior 4
The Field of Biological Psychology 5
Three Main Points to Remember from This Book 6
2
Biological Explanations of Behavior 6
Career Opportunities 8
The Use of Animals in Research 9
Degrees of Opposition 10
In ClosIng: Your Brain and Your Experience 12 synapses
39
Module 2.1 The Concept of the Synapse 40
Properties of Synapses 40
1
Speed of a Reflex and Delayed Transmission at the
Synapse 41
Temporal Summation 41
Spatial Summation 41
Inhibitory Synapses 43
nerve Cells and nerve
Relationship among EPSP, IPSP, and Action Potentials 44
Impulses
15 In ClosIng: The Neuron as Decision Maker 46
Module 1.1 The Cells of the Nervous System 16 Module 2.2 Chemical events at the Synapse 48
Neurons and Glia 16 The Discovery of Chemical Transmission at Synapses 48
Santiago Ramón y Cajal, a Pioneer of Neuroscience 16
The Sequence of Chemical Events at a Synapse 49
The Structures of an Animal Cell 17
Types of Neurotransmitters 50
The Structure of a Neuron 17
Synthesis of Transmitters 50
Variations among Neurons 19
Storage of Transmitters 51
Glia 19
Release and Diffusion of Transmitters 51
The Blood–Brain Barrier 21 Activating Receptors of the Postsynaptic Cell 52
Why We Need a Blood–Brain Barrier 21 Ionotropic Effects 52
How the Blood–Brain Barrier Works 22 Metabotropic Effects and Second Messenger
Nourishment of Vertebrate Neurons 23 Systems 53
In ClosIng: Neurons 23 Neuropeptides 53
Variation in Receptors 54
Module 1.2 The Nerve Impulse 26 Drugs that Act by Binding to Receptors 54
The Resting Potential of the Neuron 26 Inactivation and Reuptake of Neurotransmitters 55
Forces Acting on Sodium and Potassium Ions 27 Negative Feedback from the Postsynaptic Cell 56
Why a Resting Potential? 29 Electrical Synapses 57
vii
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viii Contents
Hormones 57 Comparisons of Men and Women 98
IN ClOsING: Neurotransmitters and Behavior 60 IN ClOsING: Research Methods and Progress 99
3 4
anatomy and Research Genetics, evolution,
methods Development and
65
Plasticity
103
Module 3.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous
System 66
Module 4.1 Genetics and evolution
Terminology to Describe the Nervous System 66 of Behavior 104
The Spinal Cord 68 Mendelian Genetics 104
The Autonomic Nervous System 69 Sex-Linked and Sex-Limited Genes 106
The Hindbrain 71 Genetic Changes 107
The Midbrain 71 Epigenetics 107
The Forebrain 72 Heredity and Environment 108
Thalamus 74 Environmental Modification 109
Hypothalamus 75 How Genes Affect Behavior 109
Pituitary Gland 75 The Evolution of Behavior 110
Basal Ganglia 75 Common Misunderstandings about Evolution 110
Basal Forebrain 76 Brain Evolution 111
Hippocampus 76 Evolutionary Psychology 112
The Ventricles 77 IN ClOsING: Genes and Behavior 114
IN ClOsING: Learning Neuroanatomy 78
Module 4.2 development of the Brain 117
Module 3.2 The Cerebral Cortex 80 Maturation of the Vertebrate Brain 117
Organization of the Cerebral Cortex 80 Growth and Development of Neurons 117
New Neurons Later in Life 118
The Occipital Lobe 82
Pathfinding by Axons 119
The Parietal Lobe 83
Chemical Pathfinding by Axons 119
The Temporal Lobe 83
Competition among Axons as a General Principle 121
The Frontal Lobe 84
Determinants of Neuronal Survival 122
The Rise and Fall of Prefrontal Lobotomies 85
The Vulnerable Developing Brain 123
Functions of the Prefrontal Cortex 85
Differentiation of the Cortex 124
How Do the Parts Work Together? 85
Fine-Tuning by Experience 125
IN ClOsING: Functions of the Cerebral Cortex 87
Experience and Dendritic Branching 125
Module 3.3 Research Methods 89 Effects of Special Experiences 127
Effects of Brain Damage 89 Brain Development and Behavioral Development 131
Adolescence 131
Effects of Brain Stimulation 90
Old Age 132
Recording Brain Activity 91
IN ClOsING: Brain Development 132
Correlating Brain Anatomy with Behavior 94
Brain Size and Intelligence 96 Module 4.3 Plasticity after Brain damage 136
Comparisons across Species 96
Brain Damage and Short-Term Recovery 136
Comparisons among Humans 97
Reducing the Harm from a Stroke 136
Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
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