Biological Invasions in Marine Ecosystems: Ecological, Management, and Geographic Perspectives

641 Pages·2009·8.34 MB·English

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Gil Rilov • Jeffrey A. Crooks
Editors
Biological Invasions
in Marine Ecosystems
Ecological, Management,
and Geographic Perspectives
Editors
Dr. Gil Rilov Dr. Jeffrey A. Crooks
Department of Zoology Tijuana River National Estuarine Research
Cordley 3029 Reserve and the Southwest Wetlands
Oregon State University Interpretive Association
Corvallis, OR 97331-2914, 301 Caspian Way
USA Imperial Beach
CA 91932,
USA
ISBN: 978-3-540-79235-2 e-ISBN: 978-3-540-79236-9
Ecological Studies ISSN 0070-8356
Library of Congress Control Number: 2008929900
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Cover illustration: Vectors that have transported marine species around the globe have been operating
for millennia, but the diversity and intensity of vector activity has increased dramatically in recent years.
The drawing on the book cover depicts the change in the types of one particularly important vector,
oceangoing vessels, over this time frame. In the first millennium, large canoes were used by the
Polynesian people to travel around the Pacific and occupy new lands, and the Vikings crossed the
Atlantic in longships. These were replaced by large sailing ships that traversed the oceans during most
of the second millennium, only to be replaced by huge freighters and tankers that dominate the seas
today. With this change, the vectors changed in size and mode of transfer of marine invaders from fouling
only, to fouling and dry ballast, to fouling and ballast waters. With the change in the size of vessels and
the number of routes and voyages as well as the proliferation of other invasion vectors such as canals,
fisheries and trade in pets, bait and seafood, the number of invasive species has dramatically increased.
The graph represents this increase, from just a few species such as woodborrowing shipworms (Teredo spp)
to a multitude of species that take advantage of the many ways in which marine species now move
around the world (Design Gil Rilov).
Cover design: WMXDesign GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany
Printed on acid-free paper
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
springer.com
Preface
The timing of the publication of this book couldn’t be better as we celebrate the
50th anniversary of Charles Elton’s seminal book, The Ecology of Invasions by
Animals and Plants. Since this influential book was published in 1958, the study of
bioinvasions has developed exponentially, alongside the exponential growth in the
magnitude of the invasion problem itself. Today, bioinvasion, a highly complex
ecological process and environmental concern, has become a specific branch in
ecology and environmental studies, with many disciplines developing within it.
In early 2004 one of us (G.R.) received a letter from Springer Publishers asking
to consider writing or editing a book on marine bioinvasions for their Ecological
Studies Series. Springer’s editors have been thinking of such a book for quite a
while — and rightfully so. Over the past several decades, many books have been
written on management, evolutionary or ecological perspectives of bioinvasions,
but those books have focused mostly on terrestrial invasions with only a few marine
examples. Research on marine bioinvasions has been mounting in the last two dec-
ades; a special biannual international symposium on the topic was established in
1999, signifying the fact that it has become a discipline in its own right, but no
comprehensive marine bioinvasions book existed at that time. Today, four years
later, this is still the first of its kind.
The challenge was exciting and, because the book’s purpose was to reflect the
full breadth of this fascinating topic, it warranted the inclusion of knowledge of
many expert contributors. Dr. Jeff Crooks joined in as a co-editor, and we launched
on this long journey together. It was a perfect match: both of us have worked on
invasive mussels and their interactions with the native communities, one (G.R.) in
one of the hottest hotspots of marine bioinvasions on earth, the eastern Mediterranean,
and the other (J.C.) in one of the hotspots on the West Coast of North America,
Southern California.
Together, we envisioned a book that will focus mainly on the ecological aspects
of the invasion process in the marine environment, which in many ways is quite
different to the terrestrial one. With the help of Prof. Jim Carlton, we crafted an
outline for a book that would depict the different stages of the invasion process,
discuss management issues, and present illustrative case studies from different
regions of the world. Identifying prospective contributors was the easy part of the
task: many excellent experts could address these different processes. The big
v
vi Preface
question was would these very prolific, busy, and active researchers be willing and
able to contribute to this effort? The response was heartening: when we presented
the idea to our prospective contributors, the excitement and willingness to commit
were overwhelming. Within ten days, we had a list of chapter authors that would
cover most of the topics we envisioned. This rapid and positive response reempha-
sized the great thirst for such a book.
One of the challenges in producing this book is that the topic is so “hot” and
rapidly evolving that it is hard to keep up with the new science. This is for two main
reasons. The first is that new invasions are being discovered weekly in many
regions, and the second is that new basic research is continuously being produced
on new, as well as older, invasions. With every iteration of the book’s production,
new material seemed appropriate for inclusion and we were bound to draw the line
somewhere. Yet this is what made this project so exciting. It became clear that it is
impossible to include everything we might have wanted in this one book. Luckily,
there are other excellent books on the general theory of bioinvasions that cover
many of the topics of which we could only scratch the surface. Many are mentioned
in the introductory chapter.
The dedicated contributing authors of this book made great efforts to keep the
content as updated and relevant as possible. This enables our book, we believe, to
serve as an up-to-date learning tool for students and a valuable asset for profession-
als in the field. Editing such an encompassing book wasn’t always an easy assign-
ment, and quite challenging at times; still, we have thoroughly enjoyed this creative
work. We are grateful to Springer Publishers for their support during this process,
and mostly we thank our devoted chapter authors without which this book would
not exist. We also thank our patient families, Iris, Shai and Shir Rilov, and Emma,
Kai, and Aiden Crooks, for allowing us many hours of seclusion working on the
book. We hope that Biological Invasions in Marine Ecosystems: Ecological,
Management, and Geographic Perspectives will serve its purpose and broaden the
knowledge and understanding of this important topic.
June 2008 Gil Rilov, USA
Jeff Crooks, USA
Contents
Section I Perspectives on Marine Invasions
1 Marine Bioinvasions: Conservation Hazards and Vehicles
for Ecological Understanding ................................................................. 3
Gil Rilov and Jeffrey A. Crooks
1.1 Introduction – The Problem of Biological Invasions ........................ 3
1.2 Invasions as a Tool to Study Nature .................................................. 5
1.3 Invasion Biology – The Discipline and its Application
in the Marine Environment ............................................................... 6
1.4 Structure of the Book ........................................................................ 7
1.5 Note on Terminology ........................................................................ 8
1.6 Concluding Thoughts ........................................................................ 9
References .................................................................................................. 9
2 Deep Invasion Ecology and the Assembly of Communities
in Historical Time..................................................................................... 13
James T. Carlton
2.1 Introduction ....................................................................................... 13
2.2 Invader Underestimation – Systematics ............................................ 14
2.2.1 Cryptogenic Species . 14
2.2.2 Pseudoindigenous Species . 16
2.3 Invader Underestimation – Biogeographic
and Community History .................................................................... 39
2.3.1 Widespread Intraoceanic and Interoceanic
Corridor Species ................................................................... 39
2.3.2 Neritic Species with Presumptive Oceanic Dispersal ........... 40
2.3.3 Resident Species . 41
2.4 Invader Underestimation – Sampling ................................................ 42
2.4.1 Species in Underexplored Habitats and Associations........... 42
2.4.2 Incipient Invasions: Species with Small
Population Sizes .................................................................... 42
2.5 The Overestimation of Invader Diversity .......................................... 43
vii
viii Contents
2.6 Discussion ......................................................................................... 44
2.7 The Way Forward: Solutions ............................................................ 47
References .................................................................................................. 48
3 Natural and Climate Change Mediated Invasions ................................ 57
Steve I. Lonhart
3.1 Introduction ....................................................................................... 57
3.2 The Geographic Range of a Species ................................................. 57
3.3 Range Shifts ...................................................................................... 58
3.3.1 Factors that Influence our Understanding
of the Geographic Range and Range Limits ......................... 58
3.3.2 Natural Range Shifts . 60
3.3.3 Human-mediated Range Shifts ............................................. 62
3.4 Climate Change and Range Shifts .................................................... 63
3.4.1 Observed Biological Responses to Climate Change............. 63
3.5 Contrasting Natural Range Expansions
and Biological Invasions ................................................................... 66
3.6 Conclusions ....................................................................................... 67
References .................................................................................................. 67
4 Modeling Marine Invasions: Current and Future Approaches ........... 71
Marjorie J. Wonham and Mark A. Lewis
4.1 Introduction ....................................................................................... 71
4.1.1 Why Marine Invasion Modeling? ......................................... 71
4.1.2 Scope of this Review ............................................................ 72
4.2 Invasion Pathway Models ................................................................. 73
4.3 Population Models: Invasion Dynamics ........................................... 74
4.3.1 Single-species Models . 79
4.3.2 Multi-species Models . 80
4.4 Population Models: Invasion Spread ................................................ 84
4.4.1 Single-species Models . 85
4.4.2 Allee Effects . 87
4.4.3 Multi-species Models . 90
4.5 Community Invasibility Models ....................................................... 93
4.6 Summary and Future Directions ....................................................... 94
4.6.1 Formalizing Conceptual Models Mathematically................. 94
4.6.2 Coupling Dynamical and Statistical Models ........................ 96
4.6.3 Integrating Modeling and Empirical Work ........................... 97
References .................................................................................................. 98
Appendix .................................................................................................... 105
Contents ix
Section II Invader Arrival
5 Characterizing Vectors of Marine Invasion ........................................... 109
Dan Minchin, Stephan Gollasch, Andrew N. Cohen,
Chad L. Hewitt, and Sergej Olenin
5.1 Introduction ....................................................................................... 109
5.2 Primary vs Secondary Introductions ................................................. 109
5.3 Principal Vectors of Marine Invasion ................................................ 110
5.3.1 Shipping ................................................................................ 110
5.3.2 Canals ................................................................................... 110
5.3.3 Aquaculture ........................................................................... 111
5.3.4 Fisheries ................................................................................ 111
5.3.5 Ornamental Species and Live Seafood ................................. 112
5.3.6 Marine Leisure and Tourism ................................................. 112
5.3.7 Research and Education ........................................................ 112
5.3.8 Habitat Restoration and Management .................................. 113
5.4 Vector Management .......................................................................... 113
References .................................................................................................. 115
6 The Vessel as a Vector – Biofouling, Ballast Water
and Sediments........................................................................................... 117
Chad L. Hewitt, Stephan Gollasch, and Dan Minchin
6.1 Introduction ....................................................................................... 117
6.2 Biofouling ......................................................................................... 120
6.3 Ballast Water and Sediments............................................................. 124
6.4 Discussion ......................................................................................... 126
References .................................................................................................. 129
7 The Role of Propagule Pressure in Invasion Success ............................ 133
Emma L. Johnston, Richard F. Piola, and Graeme F. Clark
7.1 Introduction ....................................................................................... 133
7.2 Propagule Pressure ............................................................................ 133
7.3 The Resilience of Propagules ............................................................ 135
7.4 Producing Propagules ....................................................................... 138
7.5 Inferring Propagule Supply from Current Distributions ................... 139
7.6 Vectors and Propagule Supply .......................................................... 141
7.7 Manipulating Propagule Supply ....................................................... 142
7.7.1 Manipulating Propagule at the Larval Stage ......................... 143
7.7.2 Manipulating Adult Invaders ................................................ 145
7.8 Conclusions ....................................................................................... 146
References .................................................................................................. 147
x Contents
8 Differentiating Successful and Failed Invaders:
Species Pools and the Importance of Defi ning Vector,
Source and Recipient Regions ............................................................... 153
A. Whitman Miller and Gregory M. Ruiz
8.1 Introduction ................................................................................... 153
8.2 Identifying the Roles of Source Region, Recipient
Region and Vector ......................................................................... 154
8.3 Modeling Invasion State Space – Defi ning
and Comparing Species Pools ...................................................... 156
8.3.1 Species Pool Designations ............................................. 157
8.3.2 Species Pool Designations and Comparisons
(Fixed Recipient, Source, and Vector) ............................ 159
8.3.3 Fixed Recipient and Source Regions,
Multiple Vectors ............................................................. 160
8.3.4 Fixed Recipient Region, Multiple Source
Regions, Multiple Vectors .............................................. 162
8.3.5 Multiple Recipient Regions, Fixed Source
Region, Multiple Vectors ................................................ 163
8.4 Some Recent Analyses of Invader Attributes Using Species
Pool Comparisons ......................................................................... 163
8.5 Discussion ..................................................................................... 167
References ................................................................................................ 169
Section III Invader Establishment
9 The Establishment of Invasive Species ................................................. 173
Jeffrey A. Crooks and Gil Rilov
9.1 Introduction ................................................................................... 173
9.2 Factors Infl uencing Numeric and Geographic Growth
of Invasive Populations ................................................................. 173
References ................................................................................................ 174
10 The Role of Phenotypic Plasticity in Marine Biological
Invasions.................................................................................................. 177
L. David Smith
10.1 Introduction ................................................................................... 177
10.2 Phenotypic Plasticity .................................................................... 178
10.2.1 A Brief Overview ........................................................... 178
10.2.2 General Importance to Invasions .................................... 180
10.2.3 Empirical Work in Non-marine Systems ........................ 182
10.3 Phenotypic Plasticity in Marine Systems ..................................... 183
10.4 Where Phenotypic Plasticity Might Play a Role in
Marine Invasions ........................................................................... 187