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Biological Insect Pest Suppression PDF

325 Pages·1977·8.929 MB·English
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Ad vanced Series in Agricultural Sciences 4 Co-ordinating Editor: B. Yaron, Bet-Dagan Editors: G. W. Thomas, Lexington B. R. Sabey, Fort Collins Y. Vaadia, Bet-Dagan L. D. Van Vleck, Ithaca Harry C. Coppel· James W. Mertins Biological Insect Pest Suppression With 46 Figures Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York 1977 Dr. HARRY C. CoPPEL, Professor of Entomology and Forestry Dr. JAMES W. MERTINS, Research Assoc. University of Wisconsin, Department of Entomology, 237 Russell Laboratories, Madison, WI 53706, USA ISBN-13: 978-3-642-66489-2 e-ISBN-13: 978-3-642-66487-8 DOl: 10.1007/978-3-642-66487-8 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data. Coppel. Harry Charles. 1918-. Biological insect pest suppression. (Advanced series in agricultural sciences; 4) Bibliography: p. Includes index. I. Insect control-Biological control. I. Mertins. James W., 1943-. joint author. II. Title. III. Series. SB933.3.C66.632:7. 76-42188. This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically those of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, broadcasting, repro duction by photocopying machine or similar means, and storage in data banks. Under § 54 of the German Copyright Law where copies are made for other than private use, a fee is payable to the publisher, the amount of the fee to be determined by agreement with the publisher. © by Springer-Verlag Berlin· Heidelberg 1977 Softcover reprint of the hardcover I st edition 1977 The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. To Our Parents Preface The subject area embraced by the term "biological control" in its classical sense is very broad indeed. The term itself was apparently first used in 1919 by the late Harry S. Smith, and was then used specifically in reference to the suppression of insect populations by the actions of their indigenous or introduced natural enemies. The California school of biological control specialists who followed in Smith's footsteps have traditionally differentiated "natural" biological control (by indigenous natural enemies) and "applied" biological control (by man-introduced natural enemies). Subsequently, the philosophy broadened beyond the original narrow concern with population suppression of insects (and especially pest insects), to embrace directed activities against mites or other arthropod pests, various invertebrate and vertebrate pests, weeds, and organisms producing disease in humans or their domestic animals and plants. The techniques used in these activities also multiplied beyond the original concern with natural enemies. The subjects area discussed in this book is, at the same time, broader and more restricted than that covered in other books on "biological control." On the one hand, the treatment here is restrictive in that, with rare exception, we have limited ourselves to dealing only with ideas and examples involving the suppression of insect pests through human activity or intervention in the environment. On the other hand, we have tried to include discussions on all of the currently recognized biologically-based methods of insect pest suppression, without restricting ourselves to a simple consideration of the directed use of parasitoids, predators, and pathogenic microorganisms. In light of these philosophical differences, we have chosen to deemphasize and restrict the use of the term "biological control." One particular concern is with the currently nebulous and ambiguous use of the word "control" in entomology and biology in general. Because of its multi farious semantic inferences, which may only serve to confuse the reader, we have chosen to replace the word "control" with "suppression." And, since we are dealing here only with insect pests, we have used the phrase "biological insect pest suppression" in place of "biological control," except in those instances when we are speaking of biological control in its classical entomological sense. So, the definition of the term biological insect pest suppression, and the subject of this book, is the use or encouragement, by man, of living organisms or their products for the population reduction of pest insects. VIII Preface One other semantic problem perhaps deserves comment here before proceeding; that is the relationship of natural control to biological control. Although many authors would disagree, we prefer to think of the two concepts as distinct (though related) entities, differing primarily by the involvement of human activity in the latter case. Natural control is really a process of population regulation deriving from the combined effects of additive, conditioning, and subtractive processes in the environment, and resulting in a relative stability in population density over a period of time. A part of natural control is the subtractive effect arising from the activities of indigenous living mortality agents in the environment (e.g. parasitoids, predators, pathogens). This is what has been termed "natural biological control," although it might be more appropriately called natural mortality from biotic agents. Mortality and population suppression deriving from biotic agents introduced to the environment through human interven tion has sometimes been called "applied biological control," although it is most commonly referred to simply as biological control. This latter usage is so firmly entrenched in entomological literature that substitution of the more accurate term, biological pest suppression, will be difficult. As long as "biological control" is used in reference to the classical human activity of introducing exotic biotic agents for pest suppression, there should be little misunderstanding of its meaning. Finally, we accept the fact that once released and established in nature, an exotic beneficial agent is itself subjected to biotic and abiotic processes which tend to increase or decrease its effectiveness. At some point along the subsequent time line, we might conceivably begin to consider the actions of the beneficial species and the resulting insect pest population suppression as a natural control process equivalent to any other in the environment. Unlike many recent treatments of the subject of biological pest suppression, this book is essentially a cohesive statement of fact and opinion presented from the equivalent of a single author's viewpoint. It is not the product of a committee, the proceedings of a symposium, or an "edited" collection of papers contributed by a diverse group of authors. As such, it probably displays all of the faults, and hopefully many of the virtues that single authorship entails. Although we have tried for a balanced overview of pertinent research in all aspects of entomology, we must acknowledge an unavoidable bias in favor of our own experience in the forest situation as regards choice of examples. Nevertheless, the ideas and philosophy are broadly applicable. This book also derives, in part, from courses in "Biological Insect Pest Suppression" and "Insect Pathology" taught at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. We wish to thank first of all, Dr. Bruno Yaron, at whose request, on behalf of the editors and publishers, this volume was written. We are most appreciative of his invitation, and his aid and patience during the unfortunately protracted time of its preparation. Preface IX Although it is impossible to acknowledge personally all those who contributed to the completion of the present volume, there are several colleagues without whom it would have been much more difficult. Special thanks are due to all of the following who generously gave of their time and expertise in various ways: H. A. Chittick, A. T. Drooz, M.B.Garment, H.L.House, M.G. Klein, F.D.Morgan, H.K.Nakao, N.E.A.Scopes, and T.H.Stovell. Many of the foregoing, and a number of others graciously provided illustrative materials, and they are individually acknowledged where appropriate. Finally, we acknowledge the indispensable aid of D. M. Boush, Ellen Huebner, and W.J.Phillipsen, who were our "legs" to the library, and "eyes" for proofreading; Mabel Beecher, Debbie Rychlowski, and especially Dee Ebeling, who were our "fingers" at the typewriter; and Joyce Coppel, the senior author's wife, who put up with us both. Madison, October 1976 H.C.COPPEL J. W. MERTINS Contents Part 1 Glossary Part 2 Historical, Theoretical, and Philosophical Bases of Biological Insect Pest Suppression ...... 14 Chapter 2.1 Historical Development 14 2.1.1 Early History to 1888 14 2.1.2 Middle History to 1940 23 2.1.3 Middle History 1940 to 1962 29 2.1.4 Recent History (1962) to the Present 32 Chapter 2.2 Dynamics of Natural Populations as a Basis for Biological Insect Pest Suppression .... 34 2.2.1 The Ground Rules . . . . . . . . . . . 34 2.2.2 "Natural Control": The Ecological Basis for Biological Insect Pest Suppression 36 2.2.3 Processes Responsible for Modifying the Size of Insect Populations . . . . . . . . . . . 37 2.2.4 Biological Insect Pest Suppression: Applied Quantitative Ecology ......... 41 Chapter 2.3 Introducing Beneficial Organisms: Questions, Concepts, and Procedures ........ 46 2.3.1 Desirable Attributes of Beneficial Organisms 47 2.3.2 Steps in Establishing a Biological Control Program ........ . . . . . . . . 51 2.3.3 Basic Ecological Principles Bearing on Biological Insect Pest Suppression . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Part 3 Organisms Used in Classical Biological Insect Pest Suppression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Chapter 3.1 Parasitoids ..... . 73 3.1.1 Taxonomic Relationships 74 3.1.2 Biological Relationships 76 3.1.3 Life Cycles of Selected Parasitoids 81 XII Contents 3.1.4 Mass Propagation Programs for Representative Parasitoids ............ 85 3.1.5 Examples of Pest Suppression Utilizing Parasitoids ............ 92 Chapter 3.2 Nematodes . . . . . . 98 3.2.1 Taxonomic Relationships 99 3.2.2 Biological Relationships 99 3.2.3 Examples of Insect Pest Suppression Utilizing Nematodes . . . . . . . . . . . .. 101 Chapter 3.3 Insect Predators . . . . 105 3.3.1 Taxonomic Relationships 105 3.3.2 Biological Relationships 107 3.3.3 Life Cycles of Selected Predators 110 3.3.4 Mass Propagation Program for a Representative Predator: Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) ........ 111 3.3.5 Examples of Pest Suppression Utilizing Insect Predators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., 112 Chapter 3.4 Invertebrate Predators .... 115 3.4.1 Spiders (Arthropoda: Araneida) 115 3.4.2 Mites (Arthropoda: Acarina) 116 3.4.3 Hydra (Coelenterata: Hydrozoa) 116 3.4.4 Planaria (Platyhelminthes: Turbellaria) 117 Chapter 3.5 Vertebrate Predators . 119 3.5.1 Fish (Pisces) .... 119 3.5.2 Amphibi~ns (Amphibia) 122 3.5.3 Birds (Aves) .... 124 3.5.4 Mammals (Mammalia) 127 Chapter 3.6 Pathogenic Microorganisms . . . . . 130 3.6.1 Bacteria (Schizomycetes: Eubacteriales) 131 3.6.2 Viruses (Microtatobiotes: Virales) 138 3.6.3 Protozoans (Protozoa: Sporozoa and Cnidospora) 148 3.6.4 Fungi ................ 153 3.6.5 Rickettsiae (Microtatobiotes: Rickettsiales) 158 Chapter 3.7 Pest Suppression by Harmonious, Coordinated, and Fortuitous Biological Means ........ 159 3.7.1 Harmonious Biological Insect Pest Suppression 159 3.7.2 Coordinated Biological Insect Pest Suppression 161 3.7.3 Fortuitous Biological Insect Pest Suppression 164 Contents XIII Part 4 Manipulation of the Biological Environment for Insect Pest Suppression . . . . . . . . 166 Chapter 4.1 Host Resistance to Pest Insects 166 4.1.1 Mechanisms of Resistance 167 4.1.2 Factors Affecting Resistance 168 4.1.3 Principles and Procedures in Utilization of Host Resistance ................. 172 4.1.4 Examples of Host Resistance ......... 174 4.1.5 Value and Limitation of Host Resistance for Insect Pest Suppression 180 Chapter 4.2 Environmental Manipulations and Cultural Practices .................. 182 4.2.1 Changes in the Environment Adversely Affecting the Pest .................. 183 4.2.2 Changes in the Environment Encouraging Natural Enemies ................ 190 Chapter 4.3 Autocidal Control and Genetic Manipulation 197 4.3.1 Suppression or Eradication Through Induced Sexual Sterility ............ 198 4.3.2 Genetic Manipulations of Pest Populations 204 4.3.3 Competitive Displacement ....... 208 4.3.4 Genetic Improvement of Beneficial Organisms 211 Chapter 4.4 Natural Determinants of Growth, Metamorphosis, and Behavior 216 4.4.1 Hormones 217 4.4.2 Pheromones 223 4.4.3 Antifeedants 231 Part 5 A Fusion of Ideas 234 Chapter 5.1 Integrated Pest Suppression 235 5.1.1 The Concept of Integrated Pest Suppression 235 5.1.2 Agricultural Chemicals and Their Impact on Biological Systems . . . . . . . . . . . 236 5.1.3 Human Education . . . . . . . . . . . 240 5.1.4 Current Examples of Integrated Pest Suppression 242 Chapter 5.2 Retrospect, Introspect, and Prospect 246 5.2.1 Past Successes 246 5.2.2 Current Status 250 5.2.3 Future Directions 251 References . 256 Index . . . 303

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